历史学的事实判断与价值判断

Factual and Value Judgments in Historiography

从研究目的与方法看,理想的“应然”状态下的历史学,与物理学等科学并无本质区别。但是从“实然”角度看,本应是科学的历史学自古以来即受到价值判断的严重干扰,因而是“非科学”“半科学”的。历史学研究的直接对象是历史事件包括其主角历史人物,故而要求历史学家在进行事实判断工作的全过程中都完全排除价值判断,不现实也无必要——不是所有的价值判断都会干扰事实判断。如何让历史学家大胆进行所有的价值判断,又不因此损害历史科学研究?最好的办法是在进行价值判断时,他清醒地意识到自己只是一位普通人,而不是历史学家。历史学家应将“求真”与“求善”两种活动、“历史学家”与“普通人”两种身份加以区别,有意识地分开,尽可能不让后两者干扰前两者。

From the viewpoint of research purpose and method,there is no essential difference between“as it should be”state of historiography and other sciences such as physics.However,from the perspective of“as it actually be”,historiography,which should have been a science,has been seriously disrupted by value judgments since ancient times,making it“non-scientific”or“semi-scientific”.The direct objects of historical research are historical events,especially their protagonists.Therefore,historians are required to completely exclude value judgments in all processes of factual judgements,which is unrealistic and unnecessary-not all value judgments will interfere with factual judgments.How to make historians boldly make all value judgments without harming historical scientific research?The best way is to make value judgments by clearly realizing that he is just an ordinary person,not a historian.The historian should make a conscious distinction between the two activities of“seeking truth”and“seeking goodness”,as well as the two identities of“historian”and“ordinary person”,so as not to let the latter two interfere with the former two as much as possible.