阿根廷“荒漠远征”运动及其历史影响——环境史视野下的考察

The Conquest of the Desert in Argentina and Its Historical Influence:Observations from the Perspective of Environmental History

19世纪30—80年代,在阿根廷发生了白人地主、畜牧业主抢占印第安人土地,并对所占土地进行开发的“荒漠远征”运动。在这场运动中,资本主义性质的生产方式扩张到潘帕斯草原和巴塔哥尼亚高原。来自资本主义世界体系中心的巨大需求推动了上述地区畜牧业与农业的发展,使得阿根廷出口型经济日益繁荣。然而,随着出口型农牧业的扩张,物种入侵、土壤退化等生态问题也出现了。面对这些问题,阿根廷人并未寻求转变发展模式,而是罔顾环境的警示,采取铲除杂草和施加化肥等短期应对措施,依旧维持并扩大之前野蛮的破坏环境的生产方式。历史上阿根廷人这种以牺牲环境为代价满足资本主义体系中心需求的行为,进一步强化了该国在资本主义世界体系中的边缘位置。

From the 1830s to the 1880s,Argentina underwent the Conquest of the Desert,a period marked by violent clashes between white settlers and indigenous peoples resulting in widespread massacres and land seizures.This movement also facilitated capitalist expansion into regions such as Pampas and Patagonia through military intervention.The demand from global centers of capitalism stimulated the development of livestock and agricultural industries in these areas,leading to a thriving export economy.As a result,ecological challenges associated with this expansion have emerged.However,Argentines have not sought to modify the economic pattern,but rather to devise a series of shortterm measures for further increasing production.From this perspective,the history of the Conquest of the Desert,is also a history of human-environment interaction.On one hand,Argentines transform Argentina's interior into a state suitable for Core Countries through the Conquest of the Desert.On the other hand,the altered environment reinforces Argentina's position as a primary product producer and further solidifies its peripheral role within the world system.