苏丹与美国:前现代边缘国家与体系内霸权国的关系演变(1946—2022)

Sudan and the United States:The Evolution of Relations Between a Pre-Modern Marginal State and a Systemic Hegemonic Power,1946—2022

苏丹是全球最不发达的前现代国家之一,美国是自二战结束迄今的霸权国家,苏丹与美国1946—2022年间的关系演变,体现了前现代边缘国家与全球体系内霸权国关系的诸多内容。在1946—1955年苏丹争取独立阶段,美国是埃及和英国围绕苏丹主权地位谈判的“第三方”,客观上促进了苏丹的非殖民化进程。在1956—1985年的全球冷战背景下,苏丹经历了两轮文官政府与军政府的国家治理交替尝试,苏美关系在尼迈里政府时期达到了新高度。在1980—2011年,苏丹在历经半个多世纪的统一实践后最终选择南北分立,美国是达尔富尔危机期间最活跃的外部因素,也是南苏丹国家建立的“助产士”。在后巴希尔时代,苏丹过渡政府从主动对美妥协向整体亲美演变,美国是苏丹各方势力争相交好的对象,也是苏丹事务有权威的调解方。

Sudan is one of the least developed pre-modern states in the world,and the United States is the hegemonic power that has lasted until now since the end of thc Second World War.The evolution of the relationship between Sudan and the United States from 1946 to 2022 embodies many elements in the relationship between pre-modern marginal states and hegemonic powers within the global system.During the struggle for independence between 1946 and 1955,the US was an important"third party"in the negotiations between Egypt and Britain over Sudan's sovereign status,objectively contributing to the process of Sudan's decolonization.In the context of the global Cold War between 1956 and 1985,Sudan underwent two rounds of alternating civilian and military governments,and Sudan-US relations reached new heights under the Nimeiri government.Between 1980 and 201l,after more than half a century's unification,the Sudanese state finally opted for a North-South divide,and the US was the most active external factor during the Darfur crisis and an important"midwife"to the birth of the South Sudan.In the post-Bashir era,the policy of Sudan's transitional government has been evolving from an active compromise with the US to an overall pro-US approach,and the US has been the object of favours for all Sudanese forces and the most authoritative mediator of Sudanese affairs.