应对气候变化政策的国际投资仲裁:风险与防范

International Investment Arbitration for Climate Change Policies:Risks and Countermeasures

气候变化是人类面临的共同挑战,各国为应对气候变化纷纷出台减缓和适应气候变化政策。国际投资协定中的公平公正待遇条款因其内涵的模糊性在适用时充满不确定性,东道国应对气候变化政策可能会因违反公平公正待遇条款而被诉至国际投资仲裁庭,其中合理期待被损害是最常见的指控。仲裁庭有利于投资者的合理期待认定路径之下,投资者与东道国公私关系出现冲突。为实现“双碳”目标,鉴于资本输入国与资本输出国双重大国身份,中国应通过弱化公平公正待遇中的合理期待要素,增加应对气候变化政策灵活性,强化国内法治对气候问题的关注度,努力实现投资保护与东道国气候规制权的利益平衡。

Climate change has become a common challenge for all mankind.In order to cope with climate change,countries have introduced mitigation and adaptation policies.The fair and equitable treatment clause in international investment agreements is full of uncertainties because of its ambiguous connotation.Host countries may face international investment arbitration claims against their climate change policies for violating the fair and equitable treatment clause,and the most common accusation is the violation of the principle of legitimate expectations.In the“legitimate expectations”determination by the arbitral tribunal in favor of investors,the public-private relationship between the investor and the host country is in conflict.To achieve the“dual carbon”goal,China,in view of the dual status of capital importers and exporters,should strike a balance between investment protection and host countries’climate regulatory rights by avoiding overemphasis on the legitimate expectations element in the fair and equitable treatment clause,enhancing flexibility in climate change policies,and strengthening domestic legal attention to climate issues.