自然资源和国土空间大数据技术应用框架

Technical Application Framework of Big Data on Natural Resources and Territorial Space

自然资源和国土空间大数据是科学配置和高效管理自然资源的重要基础,是优化和治理国土空间的重要支撑。本文基于大数据的发展历程、技术现状和主要挑战,概述了自然资源领域大数据感知、管理、分析等方面的关键技术进展,提出了自然资源领域大数据研究与应用中的研究领域单调、技术应用零碎问题;从自然资源、国土空间和人类活动的维度阐述自然资源和国土空间大数据的基本内涵,地域空间无限与资源空间耦合是区别其他大数据的显著特点。在应用需求基础上,构建了要素化、数智化、一体化的自然资源和国土空间大数据技术应用框架,该框架包含数据采集、数据治理、应用支撑、应用和用户5层结构体系和关键技术集成,实现大数据到知识服务再到数智化治理的转变,聚焦自然资源“两统一”核心业务,重构了4个方面10项自然资源业务应用。从自然资源调查监测、“智慧+”监管决策、“互联网+”政务服务3个方面开展应用实践分析;展望了自然资源和国土空间大数据在数据采集存储、数据治理、应用支撑、应用服务方面的发展方向。

The big data on natural resources and territorial space provides an essential foundation for scientific allocation and efficient management of natural resources,as well as a vital support for territorial space optimization and governance.As a fundamental technical support,it has become increasingly important for the management and research of natural resources,especially for fully fulfilling the duties of"two unification".Firstly,this paper provides a general overview of the development history,current technical status,and main challenges of big data,and focuses on key advances in perception,management,analysis technologies,along with the technical development of big data on natural resources.The problems such as monotonic research areas and piecemeal technical applications in the research and application of big data in the field of natural resources are also pointed out.This paper further expounds the basic connotation of big data on natural resources and territorial space from the dimensions of"natural resources","territorial space",and"human activities".Infinite regional space and coupling of resources and space are the distinctive charactertistics in the connotation.Secondly,based on the application requirements and combined with full life circle processing technology of big data,the technical application framework of big data on natural resources and territorial space is developed and characterized by factors,digital intelligence and integration.This framework contains five structural and technical layers including data collection layer,data governance layer,support layer,application layer,and user layer.The advantages of industrial data center manager in mass,multimode,and isomerism data process,organization and management are displayed.This paper archives the transition from big data to knowledge services and then to digital intelligent governance and focuses on the core business of natural resources"two unification".Besides,four types(ten items)of natural resources management business applications are reconstructed.Finally,this paper carries out application practice analysis from three aspects:natural resources survey and monitoring,"smart+"regulatory decisions,and"Internet+"government services,and analyzes the application scenario,application effect and development direction.The deficiencies and main challenges of the proposed framework are also discussed.Additionally,this paper prospects the future development of big data on natural resources and territorial space in terms of data acquisition and storage,data governance,expression and visualization,analysis and mining,application and services.