论我国轻罪前科消灭制度之构建

On Construction of Elimination System of Misdemeanor Criminal Record in China

在刑法扩张的背景下,我国刑法向轻罪化方向发展。随着轻罪比例的不断攀升,现行前科体系之弊端日渐凸显,因此,为轻罪犯罪人构建前科消灭制度的呼声不绝于耳。构建轻罪前科消灭制度具有积极的制度价值,可以起到顺应轻罪比例升高之趋势,实现刑法体系现代化以及更新国人犯罪观念的积极效果。在宏观制度厘定层面,可通过制定单行“前科管理与适用法”的方式在规范层面明确轻罪前科消灭制度,同时应当对制定轻罪前科的规范性文件之层级作出限制,明确轻罪前科消灭的范围与时点。在微观制度构建层面,需要明确轻罪前科消灭的实质条件,免除附条件的过失犯罪人、微罪犯罪人以及“定罪免刑”犯罪人的前科担负,并为不能立即消灭其前科的犯罪人构建轻罪前科封存制度,以5年作为封存上限,根据罪行的差异分类配置个罪的具体封存期限。

Under the background of the expansion of criminal law,the criminal law of China is developing in the direction of misdemeanor.With the increasing proportion of misdemeanors,the drawbacks of the current criminal record system are becoming increasingly obvious.The establishment of the elimination of misdemeanor criminal record has a positive institutional value,which can adapt to the trend of increasing the proportion of misdemeanor crime,realize the modernization of criminal law system and renew Chinese citizens'criminal concept.At the level of macro systematic determination,the elimination system of misdemeanor criminal record can be clarified at the normative level by formulating a single"Criminal record management and Application law".At the same time,the level of establishing normative documents of misdemeanor criminal record should be restricted,and the scope and time of eliminating misdemeanor criminal record should be clarified.At the level of micro systematic construction,it is necessary to clarify the essential conditions for the elimination of misdemeanor criminal records,exempt qualified negligent criminals,petty misdemeanor and"convict-free"criminals from criminal records,and construct a sealing system for misdemeanor criminal records for those whose criminal records cannot immediately be eliminated,with 5 years as the upper limit of sealing.According to the difference of crimes,the specific sealing period of each crime is classified.