日本农业合作保险制度的演进历程、改革特点及启示

Evolution process,reform characteristics and enlightenment of agricultural cooperative insurance system in Japan

日本农业合作保险制度与欧美国家的商业保险及政策性保险不同,是由农民自发建立的民间民管民受益的互助型农业灾害保险,具有运营成本低、有效规避保险中道德风险等优势。在分析日本农业合作保险发展历程之上,研究发现日本农业合作制度具有以小农户为主体民主管理、上下贯通的组织体系、资金使用效率高、联合定损、承保方式多样和财政扶持的特点。近年来,由于成员数量锐减、自然灾害频发等,农业合作保险出现保险费金额减少、定损制度难以维系等问题。对此,日本优化组织机构、保险类型、承保方式和定损方式,压缩管理成本提升运营效率。从日本农业合作保险的经验来看,建议我国健全农业大灾保险制度、建立农业合作保险制度和探索多样化的定损方法。

Unlike the commercial insurance and policy-based insurance in European and American countries,Japan’s agricultural cooperative insurance system is a mutual-aid agricultural disaster insurance established spontaneously by farmers which has the advantages of low operating cost and effectively avoiding moral hazard in insurance.On the basis of analyzing the development of agricultural cooperative insurance in Japan,this paper holds that the system has the characteristics of democratic management with small farmers as the main body backed by an organization system that runs through the ups and downs,high efficiency of fund usage,joint damage determination,diversified underwriting methods and financial support.In recent years,due to the sharp decrease in the number of members and frequent natural disasters,the agricultural cooperative insurance has reduced the amount of insurance premium and is difficult to maintain the damage determination system.Japan has accelerated the institutional restructuring,introduced income insurance,optimized loss determination methods and diversified underwriting methods,and reduced management costs and improved operational efficiency.Based on the experience of agricultural cooperative insurance in Japan,it is suggested that China improve the insurance system for major agricultural disasters,establish agricultural cooperative insurance system and explore diversified loss assessment methods.