“重返制海”与美国印太海上战略的拓展

“Return to Sea Control”and the Expansion of the U.S.Indo-Pacific Maritime Strategy

制海权是美国海上霸权的核心,当前印太新兴国家海上能力的提升引起了美国新的制海权焦虑。为了维护海上优势,美国开始聚焦印太地区,推进“由海向陆”到“重返制海”的海上战略转型。随着安全战略的基调由竞争转向威慑,在“一体化威慑”大战略的指导下,美国不断协调国家战略、军事战略及技战术层级“重返制海”战略的概念、目标和资源,并以中国为主要假想敌,拓展印太海上战略。美国以护持印太制海权为主要目标的印太海上战略概念不断创新,通过加强西太平洋前沿力量存在、巩固非对称和传统军事力量优势、进行盟伴动员等方式,转移、汲取和转化美国的资源及能力,以促进“重返制海”战略目标的实现。美国以威慑或准备击败对手的姿态,拓展和推进印太“重返制海”战略,加剧了印太海上安全竞争,激化了中美战略竞争,也塑造了印太海上乃至整个地区的规则与秩序。未来美国将采取提高汲取及转化自身资源的效率、加大动员盟伴资源的力度和改变护持制海权的目标及手段等方式,持续调整印太海上战略,但其护持印太制海权的前景尚不明朗。

Command of the sea is the core of the U.S.maritime hegemony.The growing maritime capabilities of rising powers in the Indo-Pacific have sparked a higher level of anxiety of the U.S.about its sea control.To maintain its maritime superiority,the United States has promoted a strategic shift from“from sea to land”to“return to sea control”,prioritizing the Indo-Pacific region.As the focus of the security strategy shifts from competition to deterrence,the United States,under the guidance of the grand strategy of“integrated deterrence”,has coordinated the national,military,technical and tactical levels of the“return to sea control”strategy in terms of the concepts,objectives and resources,and expanded its Indo-Pacific maritime strategy by assuming China as the main imagined enemy.The Indo-Pacific maritime strategy,aimed at preserving sea control in the Indo-Pacific region,has undergone continuous ideational innovation.Through strengthening the presence of frontier forces in the Western Pacific,consolidating advantages in both asymmetrical and traditional military strength,and mobilizing allies,the United States has actively transferred,assimilated,and transformed resources and capabilities to advance its strategic objectives of“return to sea control”.Assuming a posture of deterrence or conquering,the United States has expanded and promoted the“return to sea control”strategy,which has intensified the Indo-Pacific maritime security competition and strategic competition between China and the United States,shaping the maritime rules and order in the Indo-Pacific.The U.S.will continuously adjust its maritime strategy by enhancing the efficiency of its resource acquisition and transformation,increasing its efforts to mobilize resources from its allies,and modifying both objectives and means for maintaining sea control.However,the prospect of the U.S.command of the sea in the Indo-Pacific remains uncertain.