中东国家“向东看”及其对华政策选择

Middle Eastern Countries'“Look East”and Their Policy Choice in China

在涉及中国与中东国家关系的语境中,“向东看”往往被用以特指中东国家积极加强对华关系与交往合作的政策和实践。近年来,随着中东格局演变重构,“向东看”已经成为中东国家对外交往的普遍选择。由于中东国家在对华交往诉求和交往自主性上并非一致,其“向东看”的领域、途径、幅度实则不乏重要差异。当对华交往具有战略性诉求和强自主性时,该国的对华政策和实践呈现为战略型“向东看”,即把对华关系与合作作为对外政策的重要构成和基本方略,通过机制化、体系化的交往与合作途径,寻求加强同中国在各领域的全面战略合作。当对华交往具有多元复合诉求和较强自主性时,该国的对华政策和实践呈现为复合型“向东看”,即着眼于提升国家实力和国际地位,围绕相关具体领域以机制化、多元化的交往与合作途径积极加强同中国的交流协调合作。而如果对华交往具有现实诉求但交往自主性不足,则该国的对华政策和实践将呈现为务实型“向东看”,即基于尽可能促进国家利益的务实考量,通过在个别领域、事务和议题上的往来互动维持并尝试增进对华合作。在正在采取“向东看”的中东国家中,伊朗等4国表现为战略型“向东看”,沙特等13国表现为复合型“向东看”,以色列表现为务实型“向东看”,这为本文的分析框架和类型学划分提供了经验层面的证据。中东国家差异化的“向东看”选择能够在双边、地区乃至国际层面产生多样化的影响。当前,新一轮巴以冲突导致中东局势激荡升级,给中东国家对华关系与政策选择带来多重影响。

In the context of China's relations with Middle Eastern countries,"look east"is often used to refer to the policies and practices of Middle Eastern countries to actively strengthen relations and cooperation with China.In recent years,with the evolution and reconstruction of the regional situation in the Middle East,"look east"has become a common foreign policy choice for regional countries.As Middle Eastern countries differ from each other in their needs and autonomy when dealing with China,their"look east"policies vary significantly in fields,approaches and ranges.When a country deals with China with strategic needs and strong autonomy,its China policy and practice can be categorized as strategic"look east",where cooperative relations with China,as an important component of its foreign policy and basic strategy,are institutionalized and systemized for further strengthening comprehensive strategic cooperation with China in various fields.When a country deals with China with multiple and complex needs and strong autonomy,its policy and practice towards China can be categorized as compound"look east",that is,focusing on enhancing national strength and international status,and actively institutionalizing,diversifying and strengthening exchanges,coordination and cooperation with China in specific fields concerned.When a country deals with China with practical needs but inadequate autonomy,its policy and practice towards China can be categorized as pragmatic"look east",that is,maintaining and enhancing pragmatic cooperation with China in individual fields and issues to promote national interest.Among Middle Eastern countries,Iran and other three countries adopt a strategic"look east"policy,Saudi Arabia and other twelve countries fall into the category of compound"look east"and Israel adopts a pragmatic"look east"policy.Their cases provide empirical evidence for the analytical framework and typological division proposed by this paper.The differentiated"look east"policies of Middle Eastern countries can produce diversified impacts on bilateral relations,regional process and even international situation.The recent Israeli-Palestinian conflict has led to escalation of regional turbulence,producing multiple impacts on Middle Eastern countries'relations with and policy choice in China.