“所有事物都是永恒的”——论塞维里诺的虚无主义批判

“Everything Is Eternal”——On Severino’s Critique of Nihilism

不同于雅克比、尼采、海德格尔等人,塞维里诺把虚无主义规定为对“物即无”或“存在不存在”的信仰,并认为从柏拉图开端的整个西方形而上学传统都在无意识中坚持着这种信仰。形而上学虚无主义在西方文明中的基本表现是上帝和现代技术,后两者虽然旨在使人摆脱痛苦,但又导致人们对不稳定的幸福的焦虑和对堕入虚无的恐惧。根据对巴门尼德残篇的重新理解,塞维里诺主张存在之真理即“存在存在”不是指纯粹的存在必然存在且永恒存在,而是指所有存在者都必然存在且永恒存在,并认为后者是克服现代技术所导致的焦虑与虚无的唯一根据。塞维里诺的虚无主义批判,有助于我们纠正对待事物的虚无主义态度,但明显有为今人开脱责任的嫌疑。塞维里诺缺乏历史意识和辩证逻辑,这又导致他对存在者能够真正获得永恒存在的权利持悲观态度。

Unlike Jacobi,Nietzsche,Heidegger and others,Emanuele Severino defines nihilism as the belief that“things are Nothing”or that“Being is not”,which was unconsciously adhered by the whole metaphysical tradition starting from Plato.The basic manifestations of metaphysical nihilism in Western civilization are God and modern technology.Although the latter two aim to free people from suffering,they also lead to people’s anxiety about precarious happiness and fear of falling into nothingness.Based on the re-understanding of Parmenides’fragments,Severino argues that the truth of Being,that is“Being is”,not only means that the pure Being must be and is forever,but that all beings must be and are forever,and considers the latter the only basis for overcoming anxiety and nothingness caused by modern technology.Severino’s critique of nihilism helps us to correct the nihilistic attitude towards things,but obviously absolve the suspicion of responsibility for today’s people.Severino’s lack of historical consciousness and dialectical logic leads him to be pessimistic about the beings’real right to be eternally.