明嘉靖间余盐制度的确立过程

The Creation of Management System of Surplus Salt in Jiajing Reign of Ming,1522-1566

嘉靖间,在明初确立的开中法之外,户部出台了余盐制度。以往研究存在将余盐视作开中法的调整而非新制度,或侧重讨论两淮而忽略其他盐区等问题,对余盐制度的确立过程分析不够充分。余盐制度是在处理与开中法关系的过程中确立的。明前期,余盐含义丰富,包括多余盐斤、合法盐斤、割没余盐等,甚至是势要占中卖窝的对象,但无疑是与开中法下的正盐性质不同的存在。余盐制度出台的原因,一是余盐逐渐成为问题,造成私盐泛滥;二是户部为了应对势要对余盐占中卖窝,以及顺应盐商分化现实,直接向以内商为主的盐商征收余盐银以加强白银财政管理权等。经过反复实践和调整,户部确定了余盐不开中而实行在司纳银解部济边的政策,包括确定正、余盐引的配比,余盐斤重与每引价银等内容,这体现了明代盐法的实施具有因地制宜的区域性特点。

The present paper,arguing against the past scholarship treating the management of surplus salt as merely an adjustment rather than as an institutional innovation and paying much less attention to salt-producing regions other than Lianghuai region,criticizes that the study of management system of surplus salt is far from being adequate and makes effort to shed revealing light on multiple reasons leading to this system,such as the rampant trade of illegal salt and the government's wish to consolidate the administration of silver.