突破性创新活动的全球动态分布及影响因素研究

The research on the global dynamic distribution of radical innovation and influencing factors

在知识经济时代,越来越多国家进入创新驱动发展阶段。相较渐进性创新活动,突破性创新活动是国家改变技术路径、拓展机会窗口的重要方式。基于演化与转型理论,本文分别构建衡量国家在地理空间与技术路径维度的创新突破指标,讨论突破性创新活动全球空间分布、动态演化以及影响因素。文章主要结论如下:①在1977—2018年间,全球创新活动规模迅速扩张,呈现明显核心-边缘结构,但地理集中性整体下降。②突破地理空间的创新活动主要发生在新兴国家如中国和印度等,而突破技术路径的创新活动集中于美、德、英、法等发达国家。这反映了目前新兴国家创新活动主要源于非本地知识技术引入,在技术路径突破方面相对不足。③突破性创新活动的集聚受到国家内、外部因素的综合影响。跨国外部交流渠道与商业研发人员规模能明显影响地理空间突破性创新,而内部因素中与基础研究相关的因素则更可能促进技术路径突破性创新。未来,中国等新兴国家需要重视技术路径突破,在继续引入外部知识的同时,提高内部实现知识创新组合的技术路径突破水平。

In knowledge economy era,an increasing number of countries are entering the stage of innovation-driven development.Compared with incremental innovation,radical innovation is a crucial way for countries to transform existing paths and open windows of opportunity.Based on the theory of evolution and transition,this paper constructs indicators to measure radical innovation activities in terms of geospatial and technological paths,and discusses the global spatial distribution,dynamic evolution process,and influencing factors.The conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)From 1977 to 2018,global innovation activities increased significantly and their geographic concentrationhas gradually declined,but the core and edge structure remained.(2)Place-breaking innovations mainly occur in emerging countries,such as China and India,while path-breaking innovations are more concentrated in developed countries such as the United States,Germany,the United Kingdom and France.This demonstrates that the expansion of innovation paths in emerging countries mainly comes from the introduction of non-local knowledge and technology,whereas endogenous radical innovation is lacking.(3)The formation of breakthrough innovation activities is affected by a combination of internal and external factors,and the influence of cross-border external communication channels and the scale of commercial R&D personnel on place-breaking innovation is more obvious,while internal factors related to basic researches are more likely to promote path-breaking innovations.In the future,emerging countries such as China need to pay attention to pathbreaking innovation,and improve the level of technological path-breaking innovation on the basis of the introduction of external knowledge and technologies.