微球递药系统的开发及其疾病治疗应用

Microparticle-based drug delivery systems and their applications in disease treatment

微球作为功能载体,能够用于药物的递送.随着材料科学和技术的发展,微球递药系统的研究逐渐得到了广泛关注.作为一种新兴的药物递送方式,微球递药系统有望克服传统给药方式的诸多局限性.此外,微球具有优异的生物相容性和可控性,可以实现对药物的精准递送和控制释放,从而提高药物的疗效并降低其副作用.基于此,本文首先总结了微球的多种制备方法及常用材料,然后系统总结了具有不同功能的微球递药系统,并概述了其主要疾病治疗应用,最后针对微球递药系统领域面临的挑战和未来发展趋势进行了展望.

With the rapid development of biotechnology,a variety of drugs(small molecule compounds,peptides,protein drugs,therapeutic cells,etc.)have been produced on a large scale and are used to treat human diseases through various routes of administration.However,there are a series of problems associated with traditional drug therapy,such as the short action time of small molecule drugs in vivo,low drug utilization,and high side effects.In addition,protein and polypeptide drugs have poor stability and are easily degraded under the action of acid-base environments and enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract,and they are difficult to penetrate the gastrointestinal mucosa due to their large molecular weight.“Living”drugs such as probiotics and therapeutic cells are not easy to store and will face problems such as insufficient activity,poor targeting,and immune rejection during the delivery process.Therefore,the development of suitable drug delivery modes is essential to improve the bioavailability of drugs.Although traditional dosage forms such as injections,tablets,capsules,patches,and aerosols have been widely used,they often suffer from low bioavailability,side effects,frequent use,and patient noncompliance.Therefore,a major focus of drug research lies in the development and exploration of novel drug delivery systems,such as sustained-release,controlled-release drug delivery systems and targeted drug delivery systems.In recent years,as a new type of drug delivery carrier,microparticles are often used in biomedical and other fields.Microparticles are particles with diameters at the microscopic scale,which are usually composed of natural or synthetic polymers with excellent biocompatibility and degradation properties.In particular,research on particles with scales in the micrometer range(1–1000μm)for drug delivery has gradually increased in recent years.A major feature of micron-scale drug delivery systems is their ability to act locally,so it is expected to reduce the toxic and side effects of systemic drug delivery.Therefore,in this review,unless otherwise specified,the microparticles described mainly refer to particles with scales in the micrometer range.The microparticles can be prepared by techniques such as emulsification,template method,microfluidic method,etc.,and the size and morphology of the microparticles can be controlled to a certain extent.Drugs or bioactive substances can be physically or chemically encapsulated in microparticles and released in a specific way to exert therapeutic effects.As advanced functional carriers,microparticles have high encapsulation efficiency,excellent controlled release ability and local delivery ability.Due to the above-mentioned advantages,microparticles have shown good development prospects as drug delivery carriers,and thus have received extensive attention.In this paper,we provide a systematic review of the development of drug-loaded microparticles and their applications in disease treatment in recent years.First,we introduce several common preparation methods for microparticles and summarize the common natural and synthetic materials used for microparticle preparation.Next,we focus on the multiple functions of drug-loaded microparticles,including controlled release,local delivery and tissue adhesion,and describe the applications of microparticles in the treatment of various major diseases.Finally,based on the existing research progress and the authors’own understanding,we summarize the shortcomings of microspheres in biomedical applications and look forward to the future development of the field of drug-loaded microspheres.This paper aims to help researchers in related fields to have a systematic understanding of the development of drug-loaded microparticles and their biomedical applications and we hope to provide insights for the further development of related fields.