新型冠状病毒疫苗异源加强免疫的研究进展

Progress of researches on heterologous booster immunization of COVID-19 vaccines

截至2023年3月,11款新冠疫苗被列入世界卫生组织(WHO)紧急使用清单。这些新冠疫苗在短期的临床试验观察中均展示出了显著的保护性,但疫苗的保护效果持久性不佳、针对变异株的保护效力均持续降低。为了探索更优化的免疫程序,多国开展了多种新冠疫苗的异源序贯免疫研究探索。多项研究显示,不同新冠疫苗的组合免疫,不但可以提高疫苗的可及性和免疫程序的灵活性,还可避免重复使用同一种疫苗可能带来的安全问题,同时能够诱导出更强的免疫原性和对变异株更好的保护效果。现对国内外报告的新冠疫苗异源加强免疫的安全性、免疫原性和疫苗效力(或效果)等3个方面进行系统阐述,旨在为后续新冠疫苗或其他应急疫苗免疫策略选择提供参考。

A total of 11 COVID-19 vaccines had been listed for emergency use by the World Health Organization(WHO)until March 2023.These COVID-19 vaccines have shown remarkable protective effects in short-term clinical trials;however,these vaccines suffer from problems of poor durability of vaccine-induced protection and continuously reduced protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Heterologous sequential immunization of multiple COVID-19 vaccines has been tested to identify the optimal immunization pro-grams.It has been shown that immunization of combinations of different COVID-19 vaccines not only increases the access to vaccines and the flexibility of immunization programs,but also avoids the issue of safety caused by repeated use of a vaccine and elicits higher immunogenicity and higher protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants.This review summarizes the safety,immunogenicity and pro-tective efficacy of heterologous booster immunization of COVID-19 vaccines,so as to provide insights into subsequent selection of immu-nization programs of COVID-19 vaccines or other vaccines for emergency use.