“卡脖子”情境下科技领军企业突破性技术创新路径研究——基于创新生态系统视角

Research on the Path of Breakthrough Technological Innovation of Science and TechnologyLeading Enterprise under the Situation of "Strangle Hold": From the Perspective ofInnovation Ecosystem

如何在国外领先企业主导的创新生态系统中突破“卡脖子”困境,实现突破性技术创新,是中国科技领军企业面临的重要问题。基于扎根理论,以华为作为案例分析对象,从创新生态系统视角对科技领军企业遭遇“卡脖子”情境的根本动因、阶段特征、突围方式和突破结果进行探索,复盘刻画“卡脖子”情境下科技领军企业突破性技术创新路径。研究发现:第一,“卡脖子”情境触发科技领军企业通过组织动态演化、价值网络创新和技术范式变革协同演进,经历萌芽期、发展期、壮大期、扩张期持续取得突破性技术创新;第二,“卡脖子”的实质绝非停留在关键核心技术之战,而已演变为创新生态系统之争;第三,中国科技领军企业在国外领先企业主导的创新生态系统中占据创新生态位的变化符合“系统外围→系统次外围→趋向系统核心(占据战略生态位)→系统核心(占据关键结构洞)”的发展逻辑,物种属性的蜕变符合“低级(寄生)创新物种→中级(共生)创新物种→高级(竞争)创新物种→顶级(主导)创新物种”的进化过程;第四,“卡脖子”情境可被部署在创新链(上游/下游)、采用链和创新生存资源三个方面(四个层次),科技领军企业可以通过自创生态替代物种、培育生态替代种群、自创创新生态系统、创建生态突围种群的方式,对应突破关键核心技术、互补技术、原创技术和技术应用场景。

In the context of open innovation,China's science and technology leading enterprises are encountering increasingly complex blockades and challenges initiated by innovation ecosystem led by foreign leading enterprises in terms of technological innovation and ecological expansion.How to break through the increasingly severe"strangle hold"blockade and achieve breakthrough technological innovation in the innovation ecosystem led by foreign leading enterprises is an important issue that needs to be solved by China's science and technology leading enterprises.Huawei is selected as the case study object to successfully solve the"strangle hold"dilemma through breakthrough technological innovation under the"strangle hold"situation of technical blockade and ecological challenges in the 5G complex product system manufacturing field.Based on the procedural rooting method,referring to the"context-action"analysis logic,following the event system theory,and starting from the perspective of the innovation ecosystem,this research makes a single case study of the fundamental causes,stage characteristics,breakthrough methods and breakthrough results of the"strangle hold"situation encountered by China's science and technology leading enterprises,and the breakthrough technological innovation path of the science and technology leading enterprises in the"strangle hold"situation is reviewed and depicted.Research findings:(1)The"strangle hold"situation triggers the organization dynamic evolution,value network innovation and technological paradigm change of the science and technology leading enterprises.The three elements stimulate each other and evolve synergistically,which successively experiences four stages:"embryonic stage→development stage→growth stage→expansion stage",and continues to promote the science and technology leading enterprises to achieve breakthrough technological innovation;(2)The essence of"strangle hold"is not just a competition between key core technologies,but has evolved into the battle of innovation ecosystem.Before breaking through the technical blockade,the key core technologies of the science and technology leading enterprises are"blocked",and after mastering the key core technologies,the science and technology leading enterprises are"blocked"by ecology;(3)The change of the innovation niche of China's science and technology leading enterprises in the innovation ecosystem led by foreign leading enterprises conforms to the development logic of"ecosystem periphery→ecosystem sub-periphery→trend to ecosystem core(occupy strategic niche)→ecosystem core(occupy key structural hole)".The transformation of species attributes conforms to the evolutionary process of"low(parasitic)innovation species→intermediate(symbiotic)innovation species→high(competitive)innovation species→top(dominant)innovation species";(4)From technological blockade to ecological repression and then to ecological expulsion,the innovation ecosystem led by foreign leading enterprises implements the"strangle hold"blockade step by step through the path of"upstream of the innovation chain→downstream of the innovation chain→adoption chain→innovative survival resources".While through the way of"self-creating ecological alternative species→cultivating ecological alternative population→self-creating innovation ecosystem→creating ecological breakthrough population",the science and technology leading enterprises can solve the problems step by step according to the breakthrough technological innovation path of"key core technology→complementary technology→original technology→technology application scenario".Practical enlightenment for science and technology leading enterprises:(1)Take precautions to self-create key ecological alternative species,and prepare for danger under the conditions of relatively stable international environment and relatively ideal corporate revenue performance to create a"spare tire";(2)Cultivate ecological alternative population based on integrated innovation,enhance the flexible connection ability of technology and organization,form deep value co-creation with domestic enterprises providing complementary assets,and systematically improve the level of domestic substitution;(3)Layout innovation ecosystem based on autonomy and controllability,consolidate the"technology base"of the independent technology system,and build a"powerful ecosystem"capable of resisting external systemic challenges under the dual incentives of"promising government"and"effective market";(4)Create ecological breakthrough population based on scenario-driven,fully connect the unmet market demand with the"short and powerful"parallel organization form,and stimulate the autonomous and controllable innovation ecosystem to generate more innovation resources.