中美两国人工智能头部企业研发和创新的比较分析与启示

Comparative analysis and insights into R&D mode of top artificial intelligence companies in China and the US

人工智能是当前科技界最受关注的领域之一,而中国和美国是全球最重要的两个人工智能研究和开发中心。然而,中美两国在这个领域的发展存在明显差异。尤其是2022年ChatGPT的问世,引发了对中国人工智能企业能力和竞争力的广泛讨论。文章通过对中美两国过去5年获批的超过12万件人工智能发明专利的分析,首先构建了一个基于专利特征的多维度指标,并基于该指标定义了中美两国人工智能领域的前十大企业。进一步的分析显示,这2组企业在专利技术和研究网络上存在显著差异。中国人工智能头部企业的专利数量相对较少,引用率和转化率也较低。中国头部企业的专利主要集中在图像识别、语音识别等应用层技术上,并且尚未形成独具特色的技术集群。与此相对,美国人工智能头部企业产出了更多具有高影响力的专利,并在人工智能产业的基础层和技术层形成了多个技术集群。就学术研究而言,中国人工智能头部企业主要与国内的研究机构进行合作,而美国头部企业则表现出更强的中美合作及美国本土企业间的合作。文章的比较分析揭示了中美两国人工智能头部企业在技术能力和合作策略上的差异,并为中国更好地发展人工智能产业提供了企业管理启示和3条政策建议。

Artificial intelligence(AI)is currently one of the most prominent fields in the technology industry,with China and the US being two global centers for AI research and development.However,the two countries differ in their development levels of the AI industry.In particular,the emergence of ChatGPT in 2022 has sparked extensive discussions regarding the capabilities and competitiveness of Chinese AI companies.This study analyzes over 120000 AI invention patents approved in the past five years in both China and the US.Firstly,it constructs a multidimensional index based on AI patent features to identify the top 10 AI companies in both countries.Further,the analysis reveals significant differences in patent technology and research networks between these two groups.Chinese leading companies have notably fewer AI patents,less patent citation,and lower conversion rates.The patents of leading Chinese companies are mainly concentrated on application-level technologies such as image recognition and speech recognition,and have not yet formed distinctive AI technology clusters.In contrast,American leading companies have generated more influential AI patents,particularly forming multiple technology clusters in the foundational and core technology layers of the AI industry.In terms of academic research,Chinese leading companies primarily collaborate with domestic research institutions,while American leading companies demonstrate stronger collaboration with Chinese institutions,as well as among domestic companies.This comparative analysis reveals prominent differences in technological capabilities and collaboration strategies of leading AI companies in China and in the US,and provides managerial insights and three policy suggestions for better developing China's AI industry.