财产损害计算的价值基准与规范表达

Value Cornerstone and Normative Expression of Property Damage Calculations

财产损害不等于侵害财产造成的损失。财产损害的本质在于能够用金钱衡量的不利变化,侵害财产或人身权利都可能造成财产损害。财产损害的计算具有深厚的规范评价色彩,应当立足于损害赔偿功能实现的价值立场。《民法典》第1184条中的“市场价格”标准是财产损害客观化的体现,对应的是抽象的损害计算方法。这在实体法上构成损害的最低范围,在程序法上可减轻受害人的证明责任。“其他合理方法”主要是指具体的损害计算,其实质在于评价受害人的具体财产状态,对此应承担更高的举证责任。在具体适用上,两种计算方法的举证承担有明显差异,受害人对此享有选择权。“损失发生时”作为唯一的时间点对受害人而言构成不当限制,有悖于损害填补功能的实现,应将其限定于被侵害标的物本身所遭受的侵害后果;对于其他损害,应区分程序和实体两个维度,以庭审结束时作为确定损害相关事实的时间点;在作出赔偿判决时,也应将嗣后的损害发展状况考虑在内。

Property damage does not equal the loss caused by infringement of property.The essence of property damage lies in adverse changes that can be measured in money,and infringement of property or personal rights may cause property damage.The calculation of property damage has a profound normative evaluation color and should be based on the value standpoint of realizing the function of compensation for damages.The “market price standard” in Article 1184 of the Civil Code is the embodiment of the objectification of property damage,which corresponds to an abstract damage calculation method.In substantive law,this constitutes the minimum scope of damage;In procedural law,the burden of proof of victims can be reduced.The “other reasonable methods” mainly refer to specific damage calculations,and their essence is to evaluate the specific property status of the victim,which should bear a higher burden of proof.In terms of specific application,there is a significant difference in the burden of proof between the two calculation methods,and the victim has the right to choose.As the only time point at which the loss occurs,it constitutes an inappropriate limitation for the victim and goes against the realization of the damage filling function.It should be limited to the consequences of the infringement suffered by the subject matter itself.For other damages,the procedural and substantive dimensions should be distinguished,and the time point for determining the relevant facts of the damage should be the end of the trial;When making compensation judgments,the development of subsequent damages should also be taken into account.