独占抑或共享:英国17世纪下半叶的“海洋主权”之争

From Monopoly to Sharing:England's Claim of"Maritime Sovereignty"in the Second Half of the 17th Century

17世纪下半叶,英国政府对于周边海域的“海洋主权”主张在国内遭到质疑。以菲利普·梅多斯为代表的质疑者试图重构这项主张,推动相关权利从英国独占转变为国际共享,化解其在国际层面引发的冲突。争议的产生深受英国对外关系变迁的影响。随着英荷关系从对抗走向合作,英国与周边邻国关系因主权争端持续紧张,以及英国海上实力的大幅提升,无限制的“海洋主权”与英国的国家利益发生矛盾,从而在精英阶层引发反思。光荣革命之后,这项主张的影响力趋于弱化,到了19世纪受到进一步限定。总之,“海洋主权”之争是英国精英基于国际格局变化对海洋意识形态进行调整的结果,借由海上“软权力”的提升来增进国家利益,这为我们理解英国海洋霸权兴起提供了有效视角。

In the second half of the 17th century,England's claim of"maritime sovereignty"over the surrounding waters was questioned at home.The dissenters,represented by Philip Meadows,tried to reconstruct this claim,promote the transformation of the rights related to"maritime sovereignty"from monopoly by England to sharing by international society,and resolve the international conflicts caused by the proposition.The controversy was deeply influenced by the changes in England's foreign relations.As the Anglo-Dutch relationship moved from confrontation to cooperation,the relationship between England and its neighboring countries continued to be tense due to sovereignty disputes,and England's maritime power had been greatly improved,the unlimited"maritime sovereignty"contradicted England's national interests,thus triggering reflection among the domestic elites.After the Glorious Revolution,this claim tended to weaken,and was further restricted in the 19th century.In short,the dispute over"maritime sovereignty"reflects the English elites'adjustment of maritime ideology based on changes in foreign relations for enhancing England's nationol interests by promoting its maritime"soft power",which provides an effective perspective for us to understand the rise of England's maritime hegemony.