从马克思主义的内部结构到现实主义文艺理论的话语构成——基于对“现实”概念的分析

The Internal Structure of Marxism and the Discourse Composition of Realist Literary Theory:Based on the Analysis of the Concept of “Actuality”

现实主义文艺理论以作为整体的马克思主义为基础,由哲学批判、政治经济学批判和文艺批评三类话语共同构成。这一话语结构突出体现在“现实”概念当中。第一,现实主义文艺理论的哲学基础是马克思对西方哲学“现实”概念的批判。马克思、恩格斯通过扬弃亚里士多德和黑格尔的“现实”建构了马克思主义哲学体系以及文艺理论体系。第二,政治经济学批判构成了现实主义文艺理论的重要参照。马克思创造了“从抽象到具体”的方法来再现资本主义社会的“现实”,这与典型论有异曲同工之妙。第三,文艺批评是马克思现实主义文艺理论的具体应用。文学艺术要通过典型环境中的典型人物来再现“现实”。其中,典型人物的普遍性不是抽象的普遍性,而是具有社会性、辩证性、生成性特征的具体的普遍性。

Realist literary theory is based on Marxism as a whole and consists of three types of discourses: philosophical critique, the critique of political economy and literary criticism. This discursive structure is embedded in the concept of “actuality”. First, the philosophical source of realist literary theory is the concept of “actuality” in Western philosophy. Marx and Engels constructed their own philosophical system and literary theoretical system by sublating the “actuality” of Aristotle and Hegel. Second, the critique of political economy constitutes an important reference for realist literary theory. Marx created the category system of “from abstract to concrete” to represent the “actuality” of capitalist society, which is like the theory of typicality. Thirdly, literary criticism is a concrete application of Marx’s realist theory of literature and art. Literature and art represent the “actuality” through typical characters under typical circumstances. The universality of typical character is not an abstract universality, but a concrete universality with social, dialectical, and generative characteristics.