刑法中“投毒”认定问题的解释论释疑

Interpretating the Interpretation of the Issue of“Poisoning”in Criminal Law

《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(三)》将《刑法》第114条罪状由投毒行为修改为投放危险物质行为。但是,《刑法》总则中仍有“投毒”的表述至今未进行相应修改。学界目前通说是通过目的解释将总则部分“投毒”等同于分则“投放危险物质”,此解释结论意味着对实施了投放放射性物质型或投放传染病病原体型投放危险物质罪的罪犯附加适用剥夺政治权利的刑罚具备正当性。然而,这一解释结论不仅会因形式逻辑缺陷而削弱刑法权威性,还可能不具备罪刑法定的正当性。为完善该目的解释结论,一方面应贯彻形式理性观念,引入“令人中毒的症状”这一文义来连接“投毒”与“投放危险物质”,实现目的解释结论的合体系性与合文义性;另一方面应贯彻实质理性观念,通过对“投”与“毒”文义的目的性限缩,平衡自由价值与安全价值,以期实现目的解释结论的实质正义性。

The Criminal Law Amendment(III)modifies the crime expressed in Article 114 of the Criminal Law from poisoning to the act of releasing dangerous substances.However,there is still a wording for“poisoning”in the General Provisions of the Criminal Law,which has not been amended accordingly.The current general theory in academic circles is to equate“poisoning”in the general provisions with“releasing dangerous substances”in the sub-provisions by means of purpose interpretation.This interpretation concludes that it is justified to apply additional penalties of deprivation of political rights to criminals who have committed the crime of releasing radioactive substances or releasing dangerous substances in the form of infectious disease pathogens.However,this interpretation conclusion will not only weaken the authority of criminal law itself due to flaws in formal logic,but may also not have the legitimacy in the sense of criminalization.Therefore,in order to improve the interpretation conclusion of this purpose,on the one hand,we should implement the concept of formal rationality,and introduce the textual interpretation of“poisoning symptoms”to connect“poisoning”and“release of dangerous substances”,so as to achieve the systematic and textual meaning of the purpose interpretation conclusion;on the other hand,we should implement the concept of substantive rationality and balance the value of freedom and security by narrowing the meaning of“casting”and“poisoning”,so as to achieve the substantive justice of the purpose interpretation conclusion.