低冰粘附防/除冰涂层的技术现状及研究趋势

Technology status and research trend of low-ice-adhesion anti-icing and de-icing coatings

结冰是一种常见的自然现象,冰的形成和堆积会给航空航天、舰船交通、电力系统、能源设施等带来许多安全问题。研究防/除冰材料及技术,提升防御结冰灾害的应对能力,对日常生活、工业生产、国防军工等具有重要意义。低冰粘附防/除冰涂层利用材料本身的性能显著降低冰与表面的粘附力,使冰在风力或自重作用下脱离,具有广阔的发展前景。本文首先介绍了冰的形成原理和结冰类型。随后,从纳米、微米等不同尺度总结分析了低冰粘附防/除冰涂层理论模拟方面的研究进展。根据降低冰粘附机制的不同,分别介绍了超疏水涂层、润滑表面涂层、低模量弹性体涂层、应力集中诱发裂纹涂层、低界面韧性涂层等不同类型涂层的除冰机制和制备方法。综述了冰粘附性的评价指标和实验方法,阐述了各种冰粘附强度测试方法的优缺点。最后,展望了低冰粘附防/除冰涂层未来的研究方向。

Icing is universal in nature,whose formation and accumulation can cause many safety problems to aerospace,naval transportation,electric power systems,energy facilities etc.Research on anti-icing and de-icing materials and technologies to enhance the ability to respond to ice disasters is of great significance to daily life,industrial production,and national defense and military industry.Low-ice-adhesion anti-icing and de-icing coatings have a promising future as they can significantly reduce the ice adhesion on surface through the properties of themselves,allowing ice to be removed by wind or gravity.In this paper,first,the principles of formation and classification of ice were introduced.Secondly,the research progress of theoretical simulation of low-ice-adhesion anti-icing and de-icing coatings was summarized through different length scales,such as nano and micrometers.After that,different types of coatings,like superhydrophobic coatings,liquid-infused surface coatings,low modulus elastomer coatings,macro-crack initiator coatings and low-interfacial-toughness coatings,were introduced by different mechanisms of reducing ice adhesion,focusing on the de-icing mechanisms and preparation methods.What's more,the evaluation indicators and test methods of ice adhesion were reviewed in this paper,and the advantages and disadvantages of various ice adhesion strength test methods were expounded.Finally,some pro-spect for the future of low-ice-adhesion anti-icing and de-icing coatings was given by this paper.