超越功能主义:现代中小学校空间形态变革的逻辑与趋向

Transcending Functionalism:the Logic and Trend of Spatial Transformation in Modern Primary and Secondary Schools

文章基于18世纪以来美国公立中小学校空间形态流变的史料,通过教育与建筑理论发展的双线叙事,论述了现代中小学校空间形态的阶段特征,及其适应教育变革而随动演化的基础逻辑。研究发现,推动现代中小学校空间形态演化的关键力量是教育人与建筑人对“功能”这一概念理解的进步;随着教育思想的变革,学校教育的目标、内容和方式日益复杂化、多元化、非程式化;作为学校教育载体的学校空间是在响应这种“功能需求”扩张的过程中,层累地形成其阶段特征,包括建筑技术在内的其他技术发展仅是学校空间形态变革的次要推力。因此,辨识、论证并理论化新的“必备功能”,是构想学校空间形态未来趋向的根本性工作,也是避免对学校空间进行低效投资和造成空间资源浪费的基础性工作。

On the basis of historical materials on the evolution of spatial forms in public primary and secondary schools in the United States since the 18th century,this paper discusses the stage characteristics of modern spatial forms in primary and secondary schools,as well as the basic logic of their evolution in response to educational changes through a dual narrative of the development of architecture and pedagogy theory.This study found:the key driving force for the evolution of spatial form in modern primary and secondary schools is the progress of educators and architects in understanding the concept of"function";with the transformation of educational ideology,the goals,content,and methods of school education are becoming increasingly complex,diversified,and non formulaic;and the school space,as a carrier of school education,is formed layer by layer in response to the expansion of this"functional demand",while the development of other technologies,including architectural technology,is only a secondary driving force for the transformation of school space form.Therefore,identifying,verifying,and theorizing new"essential functions"is the fundamental task of envisioning the future trend of school spatial form,and is also a necessary task to avoid inefficient investment in school space and wasteofspatial resources.