试论北朝至隋代墓葬的十二生肖——兼谈神怪俑问题

Study on Shengxiao(Chinese Zodiac)in Tombs of the Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty——Discussion on the Issue of Mythical Creature Figurines

近年新出版的《武昌隋唐墓》集中公布了一批南方隋墓,是南方墓葬最早使用十二生肖的案例。为厘清早期墓葬十二生肖题材的流传脉络,本文对北朝至隋代墓葬各类十二生肖形象进行了梳理,主要包括北朝崔氏墓生肖俑、北齐十二生肖和三十六禽壁画、北周晚期至隋代的四神十二生肖墓志线刻、隋代长江中游生肖俑四组。本文认为,北朝崔氏墓的生肖俑派生出两条脉络,其中十二生肖题材在北方上层墓葬中流传,后以墓志线刻形式普及开来;同时神怪俑在青齐地区成为葬俗,后传入长江流域,启发了长江中游隋墓对生肖俑的再创造。

The recently published The Sui and Tang Tombs of Wuchang reveals several Sui dynasty tombs burying Shengxiao figurines,which presents the earliest examples of this burial custom in South China.To understand the process how this motif became popular in tomb art,4 groups of Shengxiao are analyzed in this article,including figurines from the Northern Dynasty Cui clan tombs,mural paintings of Northern Qi,epitaph stone carvings of late Northern Zhou and Sui,and figurines from Sui tombs in the middle Yangtze river region.This study implies that the influence of the Cui clan tomb Shengxiao figurines probably generated 2 types of burial traditions:The Shengxiao motif was adopted by upper-class tombs in the North,later widely applied on epitaph carvings;meanwhile the custom of burying mythical creature figurines spread from local Qing and Qi districts to the Yangtze river region,inspiring people there to reinvent Shengxiao figurines during Sui Dynasty.