论基本权利作为民主权利——基于中国宪法变迁的考察

Fundamental Rights as Democratic Rights——An Analysis of the Evolution of the Constitution of China

中国宪法中的基本权利与人民民主原则具有紧密关联,存在着以民主权利诠释基本权利的理论传统。在通过人民民主实现国家建构的宪法秩序下,基本权利并非先于国家的与之对抗的自由,而是将个人整合进国家,进而建构具有实质同一性的政治共同体的民主权利。伴随1982年宪法修改,特别是2004年人权条款写入宪法,宪法中基本权利与民主的关联经历了理论观念、社会基础与规范体系三个层次的深刻变迁,其核心是人民民主由实质同一性模式变迁为相对同一性模式,这为诠释基本权利的民主权利观提供了新的基础。在全过程人民民主重大理念下,宪法中的基本权利与人民民主相互构成,发挥着维系政治共同体,通过政治过程形成民主意志,以及矫正代议民主不足等三项民主功能。

The fundamental rights in Chinese Constitution are closely linked to the principle of people's democracy.There is a theoretical tradition of using democratic rights to interpret fundamental rights.Under the constitutional order of constructing People's Democratic State,the fundamental rights are not the freedom from the state,but the democratic rights of integrating the individual into the state with substantial homogeneity.After the amendment of the Constitution in 1982,especially after the human rights clause was written into the Constitution in 2004,the relationship between fundamental rights and democracy in the Constitution has undergone profound changes at three levels:theoretical concepts,social foundations,and normative systems.The core of it is that the model of people's democracy has changed from substantive homogeneity to relative homogeneity which provides a new basis for a democratic view of fundamental rights.Based on the ideal of Whole-Process Democracy,fundamental rights and people's democracy constitute each other and play three democratic functions:maintaining the political community,forming democratic will through the political process,and correcting the shortcomings of representative democracy.