20世纪初金敦·沃德对滇藏交界怒族人群的考察述论

Kingdon Ward's Investigation on the Nu People in Yunnan-Tibet Border in the Early 20th Century

20世纪初,英国博物学家金敦·沃德数次前往滇藏交界的怒江一带进行旅行和考察,他在收集植物种子的同时,对该地区的民族文化予以较多的关注,尤其是对分布于该地区的怒族人群作了大量的记录和描述,为我们了解20世纪初滇藏交界一带怒族人的生活样貌提供了重要的资料参考。金敦·沃德根据自己的观察,把地处滇藏交界地区的怒族人群从文化特征上分为“黑”怒族和“白”怒族两个亚群体,这两个怒族的亚群体之间,虽然存在生态环境与文化特征上的巨大差异,但经济上仍保持着紧密联系与互相依赖的关系。从金敦·沃德的考察和记录中,我们能够看到地处滇藏交界地区的怒族在20世纪初的基本生活样貌及其与毗邻民族及内地民族间的交往与交融情况。

At the beginning of the 20th century,British naturalist Kingdon Ward made several trips and investigations to the Nu River region near the border of Yunnan and Tibet.While collecting plant seeds,he also paid more attention to the ethnic culture of the area,especially the Nu people distributed in the area of which Kingdon Ward made a lot of records and descriptions.It provides an important reference for us to understand the life of the Nu minority people in the border area of Yunnan-Tibet in the early 20th century.According to his own observation,the Nu people located in the border area of Yunnan and Tibet are divided into two subgroups in terms of cultural characteristics:“black”Nu people and“white”Nu people.The former refers to a small group of Nu people distributed in Tibet who have more contact with the Tibetans,and the latter refers to the Nu people in downstream Yunnan who have been influenced by the Han people.Although there are great difference in ecological environment and cultural characteristics between these two Nu subgroups,they maintain a kind of economic interdependence.From Kingdon Ward's investigation and record of the Nu nationality,we can see the ethnic blending and cultural diversity of Yunnan-Tibet border area in the early 20th century.