历史的目光——四十年来旧中国民族学史研究的演变及当代思考

The Vision of History:The Change of Researches on the History of Ethnology in Preliberation China and Its Current Thinking

改革开放以来,我国内地民族学界对旧中国民族学的发展历程多有反思,并不断有论著涌现,从中可以看出不同年代的研究者对于学科史的材料发掘、理论分析之不同取向。20世纪八九十年代的作品比较侧重史料梳理,强调“论从史出”,“中国化”是其中一大热点;近十多年来尤为关注学科中诸学术流派以及“中国学派”问题,“经世致用”、理论创新与学术史探讨相结合的特点比较突出,当下主义的取向日趋明显。“中国特色、中国风格、中国气派”应该更多地从“中国传统”的角度来理解和阐释,而不能用“中国学派”一以概之,以费孝通为代表的学派只是学派之一;建设“中国特色、中国风格、中国气派”的民族学,尚需扎根中国实际,进入历史田野,放眼全球世界,在本土化与国际化、当下主义与历史主义之间取得良好的平衡。

Since the reform and opening-up,the mainland ethnology community in China has reflected much upon the development process of ethnology in preliberation China.Over the past forty years,numerous works have emerged,reflecting different research orientations of scholars from different periods in terms of material exploration and theoretical analysis in the field.The works in the 1980s and 1990s focused more on sorting out historical materials,emphasizing“theory is derived from history”,and“sinicization”was one of the hot topics for research.In the past decade,there has been particular attention given to the various academic schools within the discipline and the issue of the“Chinese school.”The combination of practicality,theoretical innovation,and exploration of the history of the discipline has become more prominent,and there is an increasing trend towards presentism.Concepts such as“Chinese characteristics,Chinese style,and Chinese ethos”should be understood and interpreted more from the perspective of“Chinese tradition”rather than solely attributing them to the“Chinese school.”The school represented by Fei Xiaotong is just one of the schools within the discipline.To construct an ethnology with“Chinese characteristics,Chinese style,and Chinese ethos,”it is necessary to root it in the actual context of China,engage in historical fieldwork,take a global perspective,and achieve a good balance between localization and internationalization,as well as between presentism and historicism.