纳米抗体结构特性及在传染病治疗方面研究进展

Research progress on the structural characteristics of nanobodies and their applications in the treatment of infectious diseases

病原微生物可以引起各种各样的传染性疾病,近年来埃博拉出血热、新冠病毒感染、疟疾等传染病疫情的大规模暴发,促使人们寻求更加简洁有效的方法治疗烈性传染病。纳米抗体是在骆驼血清中重链抗体上发现的VHH结构域,其分子量低至12~15 kDa,仅为传统抗体的1/10,是目前能得到的可稳定与抗原结合的最小的功能单结构域抗体,因其分子质量小、组织穿透性强、特异性亲和力高、能识别缝隙表位、低免疫原性、水溶性高、稳定性强、生产简单、易于表达等优点,使得纳米抗体成为可满足研究、诊断和治疗各种要求的新型抗体。本文介绍了纳米抗体的结构及特性,概述了其在传染病治疗方面的应用进展,为未来发展研究提出参考借鉴。

Pathogenic microorganisms can cause a variety of infectious diseases.In recent years,large-scale outbreaks of infectious diseases such as Ebola hemorrhagic fever,COVID-19 infection,and malaria have prompted people to seek more concise and effective methods to treat severe infectious diseases.Nanobodies are VHH domains discovered on heavy-chain antibodies found in camel serum.With a molecular weight as low as 12-15 kDa,they are only 1/10 the size of traditional antibodies and are the smallest functional single-domain antibodies that can stably bind to antigens.Due to their small molecular size,strong tissue penetration,high specific affinity,ability to recognize epitopes in crevices,low immunogenicity,high water solubility,strong stability,simple production,and ease of expression,nanobodies have become a new type of antibody that can meet various research,diagnostic,and therapeutic requirements.This article introduced the structure and characteristics of nanobodies,and outlines their application progress in the treatment of infectious diseases,providing a reference for future development and research.