“阶层天花板”与“阶层地板”:收入分配中的家庭“长影效应”

“The Class Ceiling”and“The Class Floor”:The“Long Shadow Effect”of Families in Income Distribution

代际流动研究往往以大类阶层框架为基础分析阶层间的流动模式与机制,本文使用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,探究了大类阶层内部家庭出身对个人劳动收入的影响,即家庭出身的“长影效应”。研究发现:第一,“长影效应”在精英阶层和工人阶层内部同时存在,精英阶层出身者的收入显著高于其他阶层出身者,分别表现为“阶层天花板”效应和“阶层地板”效应;第二,“长影效应”主要通过人力资本和工作机会等机制实现,精英阶层出身者具有更高的人力资本,更有可能进入规模较大的组织与经济发达地区工作;第三,“长影效应”在不同的体制环境中存在差异,“阶层天花板”效应和“阶层地板”效应均在体制外劳动力市场中更加明显;第四,“阶层天花板”效应和“阶层地板”效应在我们研究的时期内呈现愈发明显的趋势。本文揭示了大类阶层内部的异质性,提供了一个评估社会不平等及其再生产的新视角。

Research on intergenerational mobility usually analyzes the mobility patterns and mechanisms among classes based on the framework of class.This paper uses China General Social Survey(CGSS) data to explore the influence of family origin within the class on individual labor income,namely the“long shadow effect”of family origin.First,the results show that the“long shadow effect”exists in both the elite and the working classes.The income of people from the elite class is significantly higher than that of people from the other class,which is respectively manifested as the“class ceiling”effect and the“class floor”effect.Second,the“long shadow effect”is mainly realized through human capital and job opportunities mechanisms.People from the elite class have higher human capital and are more likely to work in large-scale organizations and economically developed areas.Third,the“long shadow effect”differs in different institutional environments.The“class ceiling”effect and the“class floor”effect in the labor market are more significant from outside the institutional system.Fourth,the“class ceiling”and“class floor”effects have shown an increasingly severe trend during the period we studied.This article reveals the heterogeneity within broad class categories,providing a new perspective for assessing social inequality and its reproduction.