数据产权的分配正义及其制度实现——基于马克思的产权论与正义观

Distributive Justice of Data Property Rights and Its Institutional Realization——Based on Marx's Property Rights Theory and Justice Theory

《数据二十条》为构建数据产权基础制度提供了框架性意见,但如何进行数据产权的立法设计和制度安排,目前学界众说纷纭。按照马克思的观点,产权本质上是特定生产关系的具体化、法律化。所以,数据产权的立法问题本质上是数据权益的分配问题。数据的非竞争性、非消耗性特征,使得数据产权不再适用产权分配领域的科斯定理,而应将“体现效率、促进公平”作为构建利益均衡的数据产权结构的基准。在马克思的产权论与正义观视域下,数据产权的分配正义以占有事实为产权分配的初步根据,价值贡献为产权收益分配的充分理由,共同富裕为数据产权正义的最终目标。数据产权的分配正义最终要依靠国家制度来分类分级实现。在初次分配中,个人数据产权分配要侧重占有事实;企业数据产权分配要突出其价值贡献;公共数据产权分配应重视共同富裕。在再分配中,要发挥财政税收在数据产权收益分配中的引导调节作用,逐步建立数据课税制度和数据公共化制度。在三次分配中,要推动优势数据企业积极承担社会责任,创新税收和慈善制度以缩小数字鸿沟、增进社会公平、促进共同富裕。

“Twenty Articles of Data”provides a framework for the construction of the basic system of data property rights,but regarding how to carry out the legislative design and institutional arrangement of data property rights,there are different opinions in the academic circles.According to Marx's points of view,property rights are essentially the concretization and legalization of specific production relations.Therefore,the legislation of data property rights is essentially the distribution of data rights and interests.Because of the non-competitive and non-consumable characteristics of data,the data property right is no longer applicable to the Coase theorem in the field of property right distribution,and should be based on“reflecting efficiency and promoting fairness”to build a data property right structure with balanced interests.In Marx's property rights theory and justice theory,the distribution justice of data property rights takes the fact of possession as the preliminary basis of property rights distribution,value contribution as the sufficient reason of property rights income distribution,and common prosperity as the ultimate goal of data property rights justice.The distributive justice of data property rights ultimately depends on the national system to realize by classification.In the initial distribution,the distribution of personal data property rights should focus on the fact of possession;the distribution of enterprise data property rights should highlight its value contribution;the distribution of public data property rights should attach importance to common prosperity.In the redistribution,we should give play to the guiding and mediating role of fiscal taxation in the income distribution of data property rights,and gradually establish the data taxation system and data public system.In the third distribution,it is necessary to promote the advantageous data enterprises to actively assume social responsibilities,and innovate the tax and charity systems in order to narrow the digital divide,enhance social equity,and promote common prosperity.