花生连作土壤土层置换式深翻犁的设计与试验

Design and testing of a soil replacement deep-turning plow for continuous peanut soils

针对目前花生连作导致花生减产的问题,设计研制了土层置换式深翻犁。重点对土层置换式深翻犁的翻转机构进行机械设计和运动分析,对犁体曲面进行了理论分析和受力分析。为验证土层置换式深翻犁的作业性能,以犁铧安装角、耕宽、作业速度为试验因素,以耕深变异系数、植被残茬覆盖率和翻垡率为性能评价指标,进行三因素二次旋转正交组合田间预试验,得到各因素的响应曲面模型,分析了各因素对性能的影响,并以耕深变异系数最低、植被残茬覆盖率最高和翻垡率最高为目标对各因素进行优化。最优结果为:犁铧安装角为25.58°、耕宽为526.01mm、作业速度为5.82 km/h时,耕深变异系数为3.35%、植被残差覆盖率为93.95%、翻垡率为94.39%。以最优结果为基础,对作业速度设置5个梯度进行田间验证试验。验证试验结果表明,当土层置换式深翻犁以最优犁铧安装角、耕宽作业时,各个速度梯度下耕深变异系数均小于4%、残茬覆盖率均大于90%、翻垡率均大于90%,满足翻转犁作业质量要求。连续两年应用土层置换式深翻犁对连作花生地进行增产效果试验,试验结果表明,2022年花生产量比对照组增产21.2%,2023年增产16.9%,增产效果显著。本研究可为连作花生大面积单产提升提供技术支持。

For peanut yield reduction by continuous cropping,soil layer replacement were designed by deep turning plow.The design and test focused on mechanical design and motion analysis of overturning mechanism of the replacement,and force analysis of plow body surface.To verify the operational performance of soil displacement deep turning plow,three-factor quadratic rotary orthogonal combination field pre-test was carried out with plowshare mounting angle,plowing width and operational speed as the test factors.Coefficient of variation of plowing depth,vegetation stubble coverage and cfa rate as performance evaluation indexes were investigated to obtain the response surface model of each factor.Influence of each factor was studied on performance aiming to the lowest coefficient of variation of plowing depth,the highest vegetation stubble coverage and the highest cfa rate.Factor optimizing results indicated as follows:plow depth coefficient of variation of 3.35%,vegetation residue coverage of 93.95%,and turnover rate of 94.39%at a plowshare mounting angle of 25.58°,a plowing width of 526.01 mm,and an operating speed of 5.82 km/h.These optimum results were based on the optimised performance of the plowshare model.Then by 5 gradients of operation speed set for field verification tests,the validation test showed that when soil layer replacement deep turning plow was operated with the optimal plowshare installation angle and plowing width,the co-efficient of variation of plowing depth was less than 4%,the residual stubble coverage rate was greater than 90%,and cfa rate was greater than 90%at each speed gradient,which met the quality requirements of turning plow operation.In 2 consecutive years of application on continuous peanut land,the peanut yield increased by 21.2%in 2022,and 16.9%in 2023.