晚清省级军事机构演进

The Evolution of the Provincial-Level Military Agency during the Late Qing Dynasty

咸同以降,作为战时军营管理机构的营务处突破旧制,成为省级常设军事机构。清末新政期间,营务处无法满足编练新军需要,被练兵处创设的督练公所取代。陆军部欲借督练公所收束地方军权,但其效力被督抚推行的督办体制消解。后陆军部、军咨处试图改督练公所为中央直辖的军司令处,又遭督抚群起反对,最终未能建立垂直管理型军事领导体制。地方督抚继续借分寄旧制维持手中军权。这一时期的央地军事权力格局并非"内外皆轻"所能概括。

After the reigns of Xianfeng and Tongzhi,the Division of Barracks Affairs,originally the wartime management organization for military camps,broke away from the old system and became the standing provincial-level military agency.In the late Qing New Policy reforms,the Division of Barracks Affairs which had been proven unable to effectively train the new army,was replaced by the Head Staff Office established by the Division of Troops Training.The Ministry of Ground Forces planned to reclaim local military power with the help of the Head Staff Office,but the effect was undermined by the supervisory system implemented by local governors.Subsequently,the Ministry of Ground Forces and the Department of Military Advising attempted to change the Head Staff Office into the Military Command Office under the direct jurisdiction of the central government.However,this measure was widely opposed by local governors.Thus,the Qing government ultimately failed to establish a military system of vertical management model,and thanks to the system of military decentralization,local governors retained military power.The relationship,in terms of military power,between the central government and local governments of the period,cannot simply be summarized as"weak inside and weak outside".