发芽糙米γ-氨基丁酸富集、调控及其功能食品研究进展

Recent advances in enrichment,regulation and the functional foods ofγ-aminobutyric acid in germinated brown rice

氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)作为一种4碳、非蛋白质氨基酸,是发芽糙米中重要的生物活性成分之一。本文总结了近年来关于发芽糙米GABA的研究进展,发现发芽糙米中GABA主要位于胚芽,GABA含量存在显著的遗传多样性,并且籼稻GABA含量一般高于粳稻。浸泡温度、浸泡时间、浸泡方式等浸泡条件能显著影响发芽糙米GABA生成;同时,GABA积累速率和积累量还与发芽温度、发芽时间、发芽方式等发芽条件密切相关。此外,逆境胁迫、超声波处理、脉冲强光照射等非生物胁迫处理均能有效促进发芽糙米GABA的积累。发芽糙米中GABA的生物合成与代谢途径主要包括GABA支路与多胺降解途径,其会受到谷氨酸脱羧酶、γ-氨基丁酸转氨酶和琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶等关键酶的调控。本文探讨了发芽糙米GABA潜在的生物学功能以及富含GABA的发芽糙米主食、饮料等功能性食品的研发与应用情况,并对发芽糙米中GABA的未来研究和发展趋势进行了展望,为富含GABA的水稻育种和发芽糙米相关营养食品的开发提供了理论参考。

γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),as a four-carbon and non-protein amino acid,is one of the important bioactive components in germinated brown rice.In this paper,the recent researches on GABA in germinated brown rice were summarized.It was found that GABA was mainly located in the rice germ,and the GABA content exhibited significant genetic diversity.The GABA content of indica rice was generally higher than that of japonica rice.Soaking conditions such as soaking temperature,soaking time and soaking method significantly affected GABA production in germinated brown rice.Meanwhile,the accumulation rate and amount of GABA were closely related to germination conditions such as germination temperature,germination time and germination method.In addition,abiotic stress treatments such as adversity stress,ultrasonic treatment and pulsed light irradiation could effectively promote GABA accumulation in germinated brown rice.The GABA branch and polyamine degradation pathway are the main biosynthesis and metabolic pathways of GABA in germinated brown rice,which are regulated by several key enzymes,such as glutamic acid decarboxylase,GABA transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase.The potential biological functions of GABA in germinated brown rice and the development and application of functional foods such as germinated brown rice staple foods and beverages rich in GABA were discussed,and the future work on GABA in germinated brown rice was also prospected.This paper provides a theoretical reference for the breeding of GABA-enriched rice and the development of nutritional foods of GABA-enriched germinated brown rice.