产品责任与技术标准关系梳论

On the Relationship between Products Liability and Technical Standards

技术标准对于产品责任既有负向意义,也有正向意义,需要结合情境予以全面审视和综合考量。反观现实,《民法典》《产品质量法》等立法文件只对负向意义予以有限勾连,司法实践呈现出立场不一和裁量失范的混乱状态,主流研究则偏好复杂情境的简单化处理,片面强调负向意义且仅仅聚焦于强制性标准,既无益于司法个案的正义权衡,也无益于风险社会的整体防控。直面产品责任与技术标准的现实状况,需要顺应公法与私法的交融态势,注重科技与人文的交互效应,将强制性标准与非强制性标准以及违标情形与合标情形均纳入研究视野。为应对当前立法、司法和学术的不足,兼顾个案正义与风险防控的愿景,宜秉持风险共担和法益平衡的理念,对产品责任与技术标准的复杂情境进行类型化构建,并辅以扩展责任主体、修正举证责任、强化司法审查等若干配套机制。

Technical standards have both negative and positive significance for products liability,which need to be comprehensively examined and considered in the context.At present,the legislation only gives limited connection to the negative meaning,and the judicial practice presents different positions and discretionary chaos.The mainstream research prefers the simplification of complex situations,unilaterally emphasizes the negative meaning,and only focuses on the mandatory standard,which is neither conducive to the justice balance of judicial cases,nor to the overall prevention and control of risk society.Therefore,facing the realistic situation of product liability and technical standards,we need to comply with the public law and private law,pay attention to the interaction between technology and humanities,and bring mandatory standards and non-mandatory standards,as well as violations and compliance back into the research field of vision.To address the shortcomings of current legislation,judiciary,and academic deficiencies,and to balance the vision of individual case justice and risk prevention,it is advisable to uphold the concept of risk sharing and balance of legal interests,and to classify the complex situations of product liability and technical standards,supplemented with several supporting mechanisms such as expanding the liability subject,amending the burden of proof,and strengthening judicial review.