预备行为实行化立法优化探微

Discussion on the Legislative Optimization of the Implementation of Preparatory Acts

近年来,随着风险社会理论的兴起与积极刑法观的确立,预备行为实行化已经成为各国刑法的重要立法趋势。尽管我国的预备行为实行化立法具有较为坚实的理论基础与现实依据,但也存在刑罚权的过度扩张、预备行为的非定型性、刑法总则与分则的重复等问题,需要予以完善。为合理限制预备行为实行化立法的范围,实现犯罪预防与人权保障的平衡,应当贯彻罪刑法定原则实质侧面的要求,强调立法的适正性与明确性。具体而言,适正性要求只能将对重大法益创设抽象危险的预备行为实行化,并确保相关罪名的法定刑设置的公正性与均衡性;明确性则要求加强犯罪构成的定型化、排除兜底性的条文规定、原则上采取叙明罪状以及将刑法总则关于预备犯的规定调整为以不罚为原则、以处罚为例外的立法模式。

danger for major legal interests,and to ensure the justice and balance of the setting of statutory penalties for related crimes.The definiteness requires to strengthen the formalization of the constitution of the crime,exclude the provisions of the backstory,adopt the description of the crime in principle,and adjust the provisions on the preparatory crime of the general criminal law to the legislative model with impunity as the principle and punishment as the exception.