从“主体论美学”到“存在论美学”——海德格尔对康德美学的超越及其问题

From“Subjective Aesthetics”to“Ontological Aesthetics”-Heidegger’s Transcendence of Kant’s Aesthetics and Its Problems

海德格尔在审美对象、创作主体、艺术作品、“美”的定位等几大美学问题上与康德几乎截然对立,可以说,这是两种完全不同的美学范式:主体论美学和存在论美学。其原因在于,他们的哲学“总问题”存在着巨大的差异,康德的核心问题是“人是什么”,海德格尔则始终关注“存在之真理”,其存在论哲学具有鲜明的反现代性、反人类中心主义的“后现代”特色。尽管海德格尔对康德的批判在总体思路上不无高明之处,但是,这种“另起炉灶”的超越方式也存在一些失误:海德格尔忽略了康德的道德形而上学,忽视了康德的生态伦理和生态美学思想,事实上也无法避开康德的主体性理论。他没有认识到,康德美学的真正缺陷在于,它是一种主观先验唯心主义美学,而不是主客体统一的唯物主义美学,因此,与当代中国的“实践美学”相比,海德格尔为康德美学提供的替代性方案终究是空洞而虚幻的。

Heidegger is almost diametrically opposed to Kant on several major aesthetic issues,such as aesthetic object,creative subject,artistic works,and the positioning of“beauty”.It can be said that these are two completely different aesthetic paradigms:subjectivity aesthetics and ontology aesthetics.The reason is that there are great differences in their“general problems”of philosophy.Kant’s core problem is“what is man”,while Heide-gger always pays attention to“the truth of existence”.His ontological philosophy has distinct“postmodern”characteristics of anti modernity and anti anthropocentrism.Although Heidegger’s criticism of Kant is not without wisdom in the overall idea,there are also some mistakes in this transcendental way of“starting a new stove”:Heidegger ignores Kant’s mor-al metaphysics,ignores Kant’s ecological ethics and ecological aesthetics,and in fact cannot avoid Kant’s subjectivity theory.He did not realize that the real defect of Kant’s aesthetics is that it is a subjective transcendental idealist aesthetics,rather than a materialistic aesthetics of the unity of subject and object.Therefore,compared with the“Practical Aesthetics”of contemporary China,the alternative scheme provided by Heidegger for Kant’s aesthetics is empty and illusory.