中世纪至近代早期巴黎市政街区的兴衰与基层治理的转型

The Rise and Fall of the Parisian Municipal District and the Transformation of Primary-Level Governance from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period

中世纪的法国城市根据不同的共同体理念,发展出不同的基层治理模式。其中首都巴黎人口众多,居民来源复杂,职业多样,治理难度高,因此设立市政街区作为基层治理组织。市政街区以邻里关系为基础,结合选举参政权利和军事自卫义务将市民和城市紧密联系到一起,超越了信仰共同体和行业共同体的局限,成功应对首都的内外挑战。17世纪以降,基于人际关系的治理模式无法适应巴黎空间的拓展和人口的膨胀。对于越来越强大的法国波旁王权而言,街区的军事潜力显得多余且危险。更重要的是,街区市民内部的分化导致相对平等的邻里关系的破裂,维系街区存续的政治职能难以为继。上述这些因素共同推动市政街区和城市自治在17世纪走向衰落,国家主导的专业化基层治理模式逐渐兴起。但作为基层组织体系的街区对大革命后的法国政治仍然产生重要影响。

The medieval French cities developed different models of primary-level governance based on different concepts of the urban community.As the capital city,Paris was difficult to be governed with its large population and its inhabitants'complex origins and diverse occupations.Accordingly,municipal districts were established as primary-level governanceorganisations.Based on the neighbourhood relationship and combining the right to elect officials and the duty of military selfdefence,the municipal districts built a close connection between the citizens and the city.Overcoming insufficiency of devotional and professional communities,the Parisian municipal district successfully responded to the internal and external challenges.From the 17t century onwards,the model of governance which was based on neighbourhood relationship could not adapt to the spatial and demographic expansion of the capital city.Its military potential became redundant and dangerous to the powerful French Bourbon monarch.More importantly,the polarisation within the citizenry led to the breakdown of relatively egalitarian neighbourhood relationship and made the political functions of the municipal district unsustainable.Those factors together contributed to the decline of municipal district and urban autonomy and the gradual rise of a modern,state-led,professional model of urban governance.However,the Parisian municipal district,as a system of primary-level organisation,continued to shape the French politics after the French Revolution.