腓特烈二世时代罗马城的多重治权问题初探

The Exploration of the Multiple Sovereignties of the City of Rome under the Reign of Emperor Frederick Ⅱ

中世纪的意大利自治城市被称为“韦伯式城市”,以成功抵御外部控制为特征,罗马城是其中的重要代表。在神圣罗马帝国皇帝腓特烈二世统治时期,帝国政治以征服意大利为中心,而意大利自治城市则寻求独立与扩张。这两种政治力量之间冲突不断,以帝国的失败而告终。长久以来,学界强调意大利自治城市的自由理想与反抗精神,视之为西方现代政治文化的基石。然而,皇帝、教宗和罗马城市公社围绕罗马城的控制和治理表明,“多重治权”的角力与制衡是罗马城政治的本质特征。罗马城的案例证明,“多重治权”的政治结构使帝国对罗马城的控制不能长久奏效,从而为罗马城的自主发展提供了土壤。然而,“多重治权”也引发了城市内部激烈的党派对立与暴力冲突,寡头政治取代了城市的共和政治。在此过程中,罗马市民的市民意识觉醒,并积极寻求调和的解决方案。

The medieval Italian city-states,referred to as‘Weberian cities',distinguished themselves through their successful resistance to external control,with Rome as a notable example.During the reign of Emperor Frederick II,the imperial agenda prioritised the conquest of Italy,whereas the Italian citystates sought for autonomy and expansion.The constant clash between imperial ambitions and city-state resilience resulted in the failure of the Holy Roman Empire.Scholars have traditionally highlighted the Italian city-states'ideals of freedom and resistance spirit as foundational to the Western political culture.However,the conflicts among the emperor,the pope,and the Roman city commune regarding Rome's control and governance suggested that the interplay of‘multiple sovereignties'represented the core of the politics in the city of Rome.The case of Rome illustrates that'multiple sovereignties'hindered the Empire's long-term dominance over the city,thereby fostering an environment conductive to autonomous growth.However,this structure also brought significant factionalism and violent conflicts within Rome,replacing its republican politics of an oligarchic framework.In this process,the civic consciousness of the Roman citizens awaked and they actively pursued the conciliatory strategies.