东北危局下中国海关的对日策略:以1929—1931年安东缉私问题为中心

The China Maritime Customs'Strategy toward Japan under the Tension of Northeast China:Focusing on the Anti-Smuggling Problem in Antung,1929-1931

目前,学术界探讨中国海关对“东北海关事件”的因应时,忽视了“九一八”事变前海关在东北危局下的对日策略这一关键因素。安东缉私问题是研究这一问题的重要切口。安东设关以来,海关向日本的特权地位妥协,日本对关务予以配合,由此形成的协作关系成为海关运转的保证。但是,协作关系严重束缚了海关的缉私能力,1929年后在日本“满铁”附属地特权包庇下安东走私愈发猬,进一步凸显了海关缉私困境。对此,中国海关积极强化自身缉私力量,并与日本交涉要求配合海关缉私,谋求调整对日协作关系。然而日本态度消极,海关为得到日本“援助”只能接受日方极其有限的措施。国民政府虽强烈不满缉私权受限,但为缓和局势最终对日让步,承认了海关的对日协作方针。海关运作的需要与国民政府的认可,促使中国海关在“九一八”事变后仍谋求与伪满当局建立新的协作关系,但终因触及国家主权底线而失败。中国海关在东北危局下的对日策略,是影响其在“东北海关事件”中决策的关键因素,这对深化对海关在中外冲突所扮演的角色的认识有重要意义。

At present,when discussing The China Maritime Customs'response of the"Manchurian Customs Incident",they neglect the CMC's strategy against Japan during the critical period of Northeast China,and this factor could be revealed by the research into the anti-smuggling problem in Antung.Since House were established,Antung Custom respected the Japanese prerogatives,and the Japanese authorities cooperated with the Custom,forming a collaborative relationship which became a guarantee for the operation of the Custom.However,so-called'co-operation'seriously constrained the Custom's anti-smuggling ability,and after 1929 dramatically increased smuggling in Antung by the shelter of South Manchuria Railway Zone further highlighting that dilemma.In this regard,the CMC actively strengthened their Preventive Work,meanwhile negotiating with Japan to support Antung Custom to suppress smuggling,which aimed to adjust the"co-operation".However,Japanese negative attitude pressed Antung Custom only accepted the Japanese extremely limited measures,or the Japanese assistance won't have.Although the Nationalist government resolutely opposed Japanese restriction in anti-smuggling,it finally conceded to Japan for alleviating tension,which led to recognize the‘co-operation'between the CMC and Japan.The need for the Customs'operation and the recognition from the Nationalist government prompted the CMC to seek a new'co-operation'with the puppet regime"Manchukuo"even after the Mukden Incident,which ultimately failed because it affronted national sovereignty.The CMC's strategy toward Japan during the tension in Northeast China was a key factor in its decision-making in the"Manchurian Customs Incident",which was important for deepening the understanding of the CMC's role in the Sino-foreign conflict.