跳出官私之分:明代景德镇烧造贡瓷差役结构研究

Beyond the Distinguish Between Official and Private:A Research of Corvee Structure of Jingdezhen's Porcelain Tribute in the Ming Dynasty

本文跳出官私之分的传统视角,从国家资源配置及其变化的角度来观察传统中国手工业,发现明初临时性的景德镇瓷器贡纳,与织造等从明初便被纳入工部资源调配系统中的手工业活动存在较大差别。除匠户以外,雇役匠、窑户、里甲户与军匠等群体皆广泛参与了景德镇贡瓷的烧造任务,且雇役匠与窑户承担了更多责任。宣德至正德时期,随着御器厂的设立,贡瓷生产趋于常规,有了向典型官手工业发展的趋势,但很快因沉重的财政压力而中止,最终呈现出“官搭民烧”的局面。而同样面对需求增加的情况,苏杭织造形成了市买与领织的新形式,但并未从根本上动摇局织的地位。明初制度设计的差异,可能是解释手工业出现不同演变路径的一个重要原因。

This article jumps out of the traditional perspective of the division of official and private,and observes the Chinese traditional handicraft industry from the perspective of the national resource allocation and its changes.We can find that Jingdezhen porcelain tribute was a temporary behavior in the early Ming Dynasty,and it was quite different from the handicraft activities included in the national resource allocation system since the early Ming Dynasty.In addition to the artisan household,hired artisan,kiln household,Lijia household,and military household had all participated in the output of Jingdezhen tribute porcelain.Yaohu and Guyjiang were the main force in Jingdezhen to undertake the corvee of porcelain tribute.During the period from Xuande to Zhengde,there were many changes indicating that the porcelain tribute in Jingdezhen tended to be routine,like the establishment of the royal kiln.Under these changes,the porcelain tribute in Jingdezhen tended to be like a typical offical handicraft industry.However,this trend was soon cut off by the heavy financial pressure,and finally showed a situation of"Guan-Da-Min-Shao"(官搭民烧).In the production of silk weaving industry in Suzhou and Hangzhou,although in the face of the same increase in demand,a new form of market buying and Lingzhi(领织)had emerged,it had not fundamentally shaken the position of bureau weaving.The different positions in the system design in the early Ming Dynasty may be an important reason to explain the emergence of traditional handicraft industry's different evolution paths.