“学科主体”和“学生主体”的双向奔赴——百年前两场学生本位应用文教学实验的批判性分析

The Two-way Convergence of“Discipline-Oriented”and“Student-Centered”Approaches——A Critical Analysis of Two Student-Oriented Applied Writing Teaching Experiments a Century Ago

在新文化运动中,刘半农和潘文安先后开展了学生本位主导的现代应用文写作教学实验。刘氏教学法绵延至今,得到传承和发展,潘氏教学法却随实验结束而终止。对比分析可见,潘文安沿袭的原教旨实用主义设计教学法把学生放在合作学习者的位置上,这对师生双方的职业素养要求都很高,以致超出了他们的实际承载能力,最终难以为继;刘半农采用“学科主体+学生主体”的教学法,把学生放在受教育者的位置上,让教师的主导作用和学生的主体地位取得一致,让教师本位、学生本位和知识本位有效融通,适时转换,达成趋于理想的教学效果,泽被后世。时移世异,曾在中国短暂流行过的学生本位教学理念和设计教学法等,在21世纪前后强势回归。批判性反思教学设计可否以学生本位为目标,可否以满足学生兴趣、事半功倍为目的,有助于我们在教学改革中理清思路,让“学科主体”和“学生主体”双向奔赴,助力解决好课程的本体问题。

During the New Culture Movement,Liu Bannong and Pan Wen an successively conducted student-oriented experiments in modern practical writing teaching.Liu s teaching method has been passed down and further developed to the present day,while Pan s teaching method ended with the completion of the experiment.A comparative analysis reveals that Pan Wen an s original pragmatism-based design teaching method placed students in the role of cooperative learners,which imposed high demands on both teachers and students in terms of professional qualities,exceeding their actual capabilities,and ultimately leading to its unsustainability.On the contrary,Liu Bannong adopted a teaching method that combines“discipline-oriented instruction”and“student-centered learning,”positioning students as learners.This approach harmonizes the leading role of teachers with the dominant position of students,effectively integrating teacher-oriented,student-oriented,and knowledge-oriented perspectives,and achieves an ideal teaching effect that has benefited future generations.As time changes,student-oriented teaching concepts and design teaching methods that were briefly popular in China have made a strong comeback around the 21st century.A critical reflection on whether teaching design can target student-centered learning and aim to satisfy students interests for optimal results will help us clarify our thinking in teaching reform,enabling the“discipline-oriented instruction”and“student-centered learning”to converge in both directions,thereby contributing to the resolution of the fundamental issues of curriculum.