城市劳动力市场中的性别收入差距:基于职业流动的解释

Gender Income Gap in Urban Labor Market:An Explanation Based on Occupational Mobility

文章使用“社会网络与职业经历”(JSNET2021)调查数据,考察了职业流动对性别收入差距的影响。研究表明,职业流动通过“机会差异”和“回报差异”两个关键渠道导致了劳动力市场中的性别收入差距。在机会差异方面,由于体制分割形成的流动机会不均衡分布以及传统家庭性别分工模式,女性跨体制流动的几率明显低于男性,这限制了女性进入市场体系并获得高收入的机会;在回报差异方面,职业流动所带来的收入增长对女性效果甚微,但对男性大有裨益。这一过程主要涉及两种差异化机制:一是收入溢价机制,即部门内部流动以及由体制内向体制外的跨部门流动大大增加了男性收入,但这些流动对女性收入增长的效果十分有限;二是收入惩罚机制,体制外向体制内的跨部门流动增加了男性收入,却降低了女性收入。职业流动过程所引发的性别收入差距及其分异效应,加剧了劳动力市场中的性别收入不平等。

This paper explores the effects of occupational mobility on the gender income gap using the survey data from Job-Search and Social Networks(JSNET2021).Our study finds that the gender income gap in the labor market is commonly shaped by the"opportunity difference"and"return difference"of occupational mobility.Regarding opportunity differences,due to the unbalanced distribution of mobility opportunities caused by institutional segmentation and the traditional gender division of labor in families,the probability of women's cross-institutional mobility is significantly lower than that of men,which limits women's opportunities to enter the market-sector to obtain high income.Regarding return differences,the changes in income growth resulting from occupational mobility have had litle effect on women,while men have derived significant benefits.This process revolves around two differentiated mechanisms.The first is the income premium mechanism,namely,intra-institutional mobility and cross-institutional mobility from state-sector to market-sector have greatly increased men's income,but have had little impact on women's earnings.The second is the income penalty mechanism,in which cross-institutional mobility from market-sector to state-sector increases men's earnings but decreases women's earnings.The gender income gap and its differentiated effects caused by occupational mobility have exacerbated gender inequality in the labor market.