法律行为的内在正义与外在正义

Internal Justice and External Justice of Juristic Acts

正义理论需要超越分配正义与矫正正义的二分结构,并在一般层面上重构体系和在特别领域予以具体化或者再体系化。就法律行为领域的正义理论而言,须区分内在正义与外在正义。内在正义实现的基本路径是消极自由保护,辅助路径是积极自由保护、信赖保护、公平原则与诚信原则。以矫正正义为理论基础的原因概念无助于实现法律行为内在正义,其对法律行为效力的解释力不如意思表示理论。分配正义在法律行为制度中虽有一席之地,但可被法律行为内在正义中的积极自由保护吸收。法律行为外在正义即以安全、公共秩序、善良风俗等价值为内容的法秩序总体正义。着眼于法律行为的根本属性,内在正义优先于外在正义,所以外在正义规范载体介入法律行为时须持谦抑立场,非必要不得否定法律行为的效力。

Theory of justice needs to go beyond the dichotomy between distributive justice and corrective justice,and to be restructured at the general level and specified or resystematized in particular areas.As far as the theory of justice in the field of juristic acts is concerned,it is necessary to distinguish between internal justice and external justice.The basic path to the fulfillment of internal justice is the protection of negative freedom,and the auxiliary path is the protection of positive freedom,the protection of trust,the principle of fairness and the principle of good faith.The concept of cause,which is based on the theory of corrective justice,is not conducive to the realization of internal justice of juristic acts,and its explanatory power with regard to the validity of juristic acts is not as great as that of the theory of declaration of will.Distributive justice,while it has a place in the system of juristic acts,can be absorbed by the protection of positive freedom in the internal justice.The external justice of juristic acts is the overall justice of the legal order,which is based on the values of security,order and good customs.Focusing on the fundamental attributes of juristic acts,internal justice takes precedence over external justice,so that the normative carrier of external justice intervenes in the juristic acts from a modest position,and may not negate the validity of the juristic acts unless it is necessary.