日本的农村集体产权制度:困境、改革与成效

The Rural Collective Property Rights System in Japan:Challenges,Reforms,and Outcomes

集体产权是日本农村地区普遍存在的一种权利形态,权责对等、全员一致、严格准入等是其基本特征。基于不同的背景和目标,日本农村集体产权制度的改革经历了由各入会集团主导的“自主变革”和政府主导的“被动改革”等不同阶段。虽然中日两国的农村集体产权制度在所有制基础、法律规定和权利行使等方面存在着较大差异,但日本近百年来的理论研究和改革实践对我国具有重要的镜鉴意义。其经验表明,由内而外的“主动改革”更利于满足集体成员的多样化需求。集体产权的权能应按需进行有限拓展,而不是自上而下行政强制赋权。“去集体化”有利于成员短期利益的获得,但不利于农村的可持续发展。此外,“以户固权”影响成员个体权利的实现,要建立按股投票与按人投票相结合的表决方式。并要加强对外部主体的审查和限制,对不同主体赋予不同类型的权利,同时由多元主体共同承担集体的监督责任。据此,最终使地域共同体在集体产权治理中充分发挥作用,实现成员个体权利拓展与可持续发展的目标。

Collective property rights are a prevalent form of entitlement in rural Japan,characterized by equal rights and obligations,unity among stakeholders,and stringent entry criteria.These rights have undergone various evolutionary stages,including"autonomous reform"driven by member-led groups and"passive reform"initiated by governmental bodies.Despite significant differences between the rural collective property rights systems of China and Japan,such as the basis of ownership,legal requirements,and the exercise of rights,Japan's century-long property rights reforms hold considerable instructive value for China.They demonstrate that internally motivated"active reform"can better meet the diverse needs of collective members.Consequently,the extension of collective property rights should be incrementally demand-driven,rather than imposed through top-down administrative mandates."Dis-aggregation"may serve the immediate interests of members but is detrimental to the long-term viability of rural communities.Furthermore,the consolidation of rights at the household level can impede individual member rights,necessitating a voting system that integrates share-based and individual-based voting.Additionally,the oversight and limitation of external entities should be intensified,distinct rights should be allocated to different entities,and collective supervisory duties should be shared among multiple parties.Thus,"the regional community"can effectively participate in the governance of collective property rights,fulfilling the dual objectives of enhancing individual rights and promoting sustainable development.