汉晋南朝南方地区铁犁牛耕的形制演化和推广使用

Evolution and Popularization of Shape and Structure of Iron Plough and Cattle Ploughing in Han,Jin and South Dynasties in the Southern Region

通过整理目前所见汉晋南朝南方地区出土的铁犁和牛耕画像石以及内部配置铁犁牛耕的水田模型,佐之必要的文献资料,本文对汉晋南朝南方地区铁犁牛耕的形制演化和推广使用情况进行分析。研究发现:南方地区铁犁牛耕技术历经两汉时期的“二牛抬杠”式长辕犁到两晋南朝时期的“单牛挽拉”式短辕犁的形制演化过程,呈现出曲轭、绳索牵引耕犁等“软配套”技术特征,有利于南方水田耕作。南方地区铁犁牛耕推广程度有限且存在区域差异,并以豪强庄园地主为使用主体。汉晋南朝南方耕犁与唐代曲辕犁和农业组织方式的关系值得进一步探讨。

This paper analyzes the shape and structure evolution and application of iron plough and cattle ploughing in the south of Han,Jin and Southern Dynasties by collating the unearthed Stone relief and paddy field model with iron plough and cattle ploughing in the south of Han,Jin and Southern Dynasties.It can be found that the technology of iron plough and cattle ploughing in southern China has evolved from the"two oxen lifting poles"long shaft ploughing in Han Dynasty to the"single oxen pulling"short shaft ploughing in Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasty,showing the characteristics of"soft supporting"technology such as curved yoke and rope pulling ploughing,which is conducive to paddy farming in southern China.In southern China,the promotion degree of iron plow cattle cultivation is limited and there are regional differences,and the landlord of the powerful manor is the main user.The relationship between the southern plows of Han,Jin and South Dynasties and the Quyuan plows of Tang Dynasty and the agricultural organization mode is worth further discussion.