何种类型与频次的身体活动更能提升青少年体质健康水平?——基于PAFCTYS调查的实证研究

Which Type and Frequency of Physical Activity is More Effective in Enhancing the Physical Fitness of Adolescents?—An Empirical Study Based on the PAFCTYS Survey

目的:描述我国青少年不同类型身体活动(physical activity,PA)参与频次概况,分析其与达成体质健康优良率的关系。方法:基于2018年中国儿童青少年PA与体质健康研究,纳入全国78 835名初一至高三年级学生[女生50.5%,平均年龄(14.7±1.7)岁]。采用问卷调查中高强度身体活动(moderate to vigorous physical activity,MVPA)、肌肉力量训练(muscle-strengthening exercise,MSE)、上下学交通方式、自主锻炼和组织化运动每周参与频次(自变量),基于《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》测量并计算得出体质健康优良率(因变量)。采用逻辑回归分析不同类型PA参与频次和体质健康优良率之间的关系。结果:青少年满足MVPA(7天/周)和MSE(≥3天/周)推荐量的占比分别为7.4%和42.0%,积极交通方式占比为53.4%,自主锻炼和组织化运动≥5次/周的占比分别为30.9%和23.8%。多种类型PA参与频次与体质健康优良率呈非线性剂量效应关系,同等频次下,MSE与体质健康优良率的关系强度高于其他PA类型。当MSE(OR=2.52;95%CI:2.39,2.67;P<0.01)、MVPA(OR=1.88;95%CI:1.75,2.02;P<0.01)或自主锻炼(OR=1.72;95%CI:1.61,1.84;P<0.01)每周参与频次为3~4天(次),组织化运动为每周至少5次(OR=1.87;95%CI:1.80,1.95;P<0.01),即能小到中强度影响体质健康优良率。MSE、MVPA和自主锻炼由3~4天(次)累积到5~6天/周(自主锻炼≥5次/周)时,达成体质健康优良率的概率提升幅度最大,分别提升112%、102%和74%。结论:相比较其他PA类型,MSE能更有效提升青少年的体质健康水平。建议青少年达成MSE推荐量,广泛参与不同类型PA并提高参与频次。

Objective:To describe the participation frequency profiles of different types of physical activities(PA)among Chinese adolescents,and analyze the relationship between it and the achievement of excellent physical fitness rates.Methods:Based on the 2018 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—the Youth Study(PAFCTYS),78835 students[50.5%female,mean age(14.7±1.7)years]from the first year of junior high school to the third year of senior high school nationwide were included.The participation frequency of the moderate to vigorous physical activity(MVPA),muscle-strengthening exercise(MSE),modes of transportation to and from school,active play,and organized sports participation per week(as the independent variables)were collected through questionnaire surveys.The excellent rate of physical fitness(as the dependent variable)was measured and calculated based on the National Student Physical Fitness Standards(revised in 2014).Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the participation frequency of different types of PA and the excellent rate of physical fitness.Results:7.4%and 42.0%of adolescents met the MVPA(7 days/week)and MSE(≥3 days/week)recommendations,the proportion of active transportation modes was 53.4%,active play and organized sports participation frequency≥5 times/week was 30.9%and 23.8%,respectively.There was a nonlinear dose-effect relationship between the participation frequency of various types of PA and the excellent rate of physical fitness,and the relationship strength of MSE with the excellent rate of physical fitness was higher than other types of PA at the same frequency.When the weekly participation frequency of MSE(OR=2.52;95%CI:2.39,2.67;P<0.01),MVPA(OR=1.88;95%CI:1.75,2.02;P<0.01),or active play(OR=1.72;95%CI:1.61,1.84;P<0.01)was 3~4 days(times),and organized sports participation was at least 5 times a week(OR=1.87;95%CI:1.80,1.95;P<0.01),it could have a small to medium effect on the excellent rate of physical fitness.When MSE,MVPA,and active play increased from 3~4 days(times)to 5~6 days/week(active play was≥5 times/week),the probability of achieving excellent physical fitness rate showed the greatest improvement,increasing by 112%,102%,and 74%,respectively.Conclusions:Compared with other types of PA,MSE can improve the physical fitness of adolescents more effectively.It is recommended that adolescents achieve the recommended amount of MSE,widely participate in different types of PA,and increase the participation frequency.