英印政府的边境部落区政策

Policies of the British Raj Government on Frontier Tribal Areas

英印政府对边境部落区先后采取了闭边政策、前进政策和新前进政策。闭边政策实施期间,英印政府主要通过安抚和签订协议与部落相处,同时构筑起了针对部落的防御体系,但并未向部落渗透,故无法统治边境部落区。俄国将势力范围拓展至阿富汗北部边境后,英印政府对边境部落区采取了前进政策。政策实施初期,英印政府在边境部落区建立起了政治代理人制度和马利克制度,在保持军事存在的同时利用当地人组建民兵和征召兵部队以维持治安。寇松就任印度总督后,对前进政策进行了调整,一方面采取了“撤退与集中”策略以减少军事力量的投入,另一方面创设西北边境省以统管边疆防务和部落事务。前进政策帮助英印政府将边境部落区纳入治下,但该政策本质上重安全、轻发展,无法长期维持当地稳定。第三次英阿战争后,英印政府对边境部落区采取了新前进政策,主要措施包括对该地区进行军事占领和直接管理,建立正式民兵制度,完善津贴制度,修筑道路以及将《边境犯罪条例》的适用范围拓展至该地区等。新前进政策具有一定建设性,但过于依赖军事干涉,损害了部落的独立性,导致部落起义时有发生。

The British Raj government has successively implemented the Closed-Border Policy,the Forward Policy and the Modified Forward Policy towards the frontier tribal areas.During the implementation of the Closed Border Policy,the British Raj government got along with the tribes mainly through appeasing and signing agreements,while also constructing a defense system against the tribes.But these policies didn’t penetrate into the tribes,thus failing to govern the frontier tribal areas.After Russia extended its influence to the northern border of Afghanistan,the British Raj government adopted the Forward Policy for the frontier tribal areas.In the initial implementation of the policy,the British Raj government established the Political Agent system and the Malik(tribal leaders)system in the frontier tribal areas,maintaining military presence while using local people to form militias and recruit soldiers to maintain law and order.After Curzon took office as Governor General of British Raj,he adjusted the Forward Policy.On one hand,he adopted the strategy of“Retreat and Concentration”to reduce the use of military force.On the other hand,he created the North-West Frontier Province to unify the management of frontier defense and tribal affairs.The Forward Policy helped the British Raj government bring the frontier tribal areas under its control,but it was essentially security-oriented rather than development-oriented,and could not maintain local stability in the long term.After the Third Anglo-Afghan War,the British Raj government adopted the Modified Forward Policy for the frontier tribal areas,and the main measures included military occupation and direct management of the areas,mainly including military occupation and direct administration of the area,establishment of a formal militia system,improvement of allowances system,construction of roads,expansion of the scope of application of the Frontier Crimes Regulation to the area and so on.The Modified Forward Policy was constructive to some extent,but it relied too much on military intervention,undermining the independence of the tribes and leading to occasional tribal uprisings.