2022年山东省烟台市蜱的生态特征及影响因素分析

Analysis on ecological characteristics and influencing factors of ticks in Yantai city,Shandong province in 2022

目的调查分析2022年山东省烟台市蜱的生态特征及相关影响因素,为蜱防治提供参考。方法于2022年3-10月,根据山东省烟台市往年发热伴血小板减少综合征疫情报告情况,选取牟平区、开发区、蓬莱区、海阳市、莱阳市、栖霞市、招远市、莱州市共8个区市开展寄生蜱和游离蜱监测,分析烟台市部分区域蜱分布和消长规律等生态学特征。基于2022年蜱的分布信息和相关环境气象因子,采用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)分析烟台市蜱的潜在分布区域及影响蜱生存和分布的相关因素。结果烟台市的优势蜱种为长角血蜱,其消长高峰主要集中在4-7月,具有较强的季节性(M=0.65)。寄生蜱主要宿主为羊,蜱指数为4.48;其次为农村犬,蜱指数为0.51。游离蜱主要生境为农村外环境,密度指数为2.50只/(布旗·100m)。且不同宿主、不同生境中蜱分布差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)值分别为139.765、258.934,P<0.001)。所调查区市均存在蜱适生区域,影响蜱分布的主要因素有土地覆被类型、月平均最高气温和月累计降水量,贡献率分别为24.9%、11.0%和10.5%。当土地覆被类型为城镇居民区、有林草地和落叶阔叶林,月平均最高气温达13.2℃及月累计降水量达58.01mm时,最适宜蜱生存。结论2022年烟台市8个监测区市均有蜱分布,且受气象环境因素影响,分布范围较广,潜在危害较大。

Objective To understand the ecological characteristics and related environmental influencing factors of ticks in Yantai city in 2022,so as to provide relevant evidence for tick control and prevention measures.Methods From March to October 2022,parasitic ticks and free ticks were monitored in 8districts,including Muping district,Development zone,Penglai district,Haiyang city,Laiyang city,Qixia city,Zhaoyuan city,and Laizhou city according to the epidemic reports of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in previous years in Yantai city,in order to understand the ecological characteristics such as the distribution and growth rules of ticks in some areas of Yantai city.Based on the distribution information of ticks in 2022and related environmental meteorological factors,the ecological niche model(MaxEnt)was used to analyze the potential distribution areas of ticks in Yantai city and the related factors affecting the survival and distribution of ticks.Results The dominant tick species was Haemaphysalis longicornis in Yantai city,and the peak of its fluctuation was mainly from April to July,with a strong seasonality(M=0.65).The main host of parasitic ticks was sheep,and the tick index was 4.48.Followed by rural dogs,tick index was 0.51.The main habitat of free ticks was rural external environment,with a density index of 2.50ticks/(Buqi·100m).There were significant differences in the distribution of ticks among different hosts and habitats(χ^(2)=139.765,P<0.001;χ^(2)=258.934,P<0.001).All the investigated districts and municipalities had tick habitat areas,and the main factors affecting the distribution of ticks were land cover type,monthly mean maximum temperature and monthly cumulative precipitation,with contribution rates of 24.9%,11.0%and10.5%,respectively.Ticks were most suitable for survival when the land cover types were urban residential areas,forested grasslands and deciduous broad-leaved forests,and when the average monthly maximum temperature reached 13.2℃and the cumulative monthly precipitation amounted to 58.01mm.Conclusion Ticks are distributed in all the 8monitoring districts in Yantai city,and were affected by meteorological and environmental factors.The potential distribution range of ticks is wide and the potential harm is great.