济南市章丘区公共场所室内空气化学污染物暴露特征及从业人员健康风险评估

Exposure characteristics of chemical pollutants in indoor air of public places and health risk assessment of employees in Zhangqiu district Jinan city

目的了解2021-2023年济南市章丘区宾馆(旅店、酒店)、理(美)发店、美容店、商场、健身房五类公共场所室内空气中的化学污染物污染状况,评估其从业人员的健康风险。方法2021-2023年每年1月、7月对济南市章丘区公共场所开展公共场所健康危害因素监测,包括宾馆(旅店、酒店)162家次、理(美)发店296家次、美容店202家次、商场45家次、健身房58家次。依据GB/T 18204.2-2014《公共场所卫生检验方法第2部分:化学污染物》进行采样、检测,依据GB 37488-2019《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》进行评价,分析2021-2023年公共场所室内空气中甲醛、氨、苯、甲苯、二甲苯五类化学污染物的分布特征。选取每家公共场所内的5名从业人员,以问卷形式对工作人员的基本情况进行调查,采用WS/T 777-2021《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》,进行从业人员吸入途径健康风险评估。结果宾馆(旅店、酒店)室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度超标率分别为11.54%、5.77%、0.85%、0.64%,理(美)发店室内空气中甲醛、苯、氨浓度超标率分别为7.09%、3.04%、6.42%,美容店室内空气中甲醛、苯、氨浓度超标率分别为4.95%、5.44%、4.45%,商场室内空气中甲醛、苯浓度超标率分别为9.09%、1.82%,健身房室内空气中甲醛、苯浓度超标率分别为4.31%、3.45%。五类公共场所室内空气中甲醛、苯均存在致癌风险,甲醛最小致癌风险(CR)均>1.0×10-6,苯中位值CR均>1.0×10-6,甲醛和苯CR最大值均>1.0×10-4。五类公共场所室内空气中对从业人员慢性非致癌风险最高的是甲醛,危害商(HQ)中位数均>1,概率分布占61.11%~97.63%;其次为苯,最大浓度值的HQ均>1,概率分布占3.45%~40.20%。HQ最低的是甲苯和二甲苯,HQ最大值均<1,理(美)发店空气中氨最大浓度值的HQ>1。结论甲醛和苯应作为济南市章丘区宾馆(旅店、酒店)、理(美)发店、美容店、商场、健身房五类公共场所室内空气中首要控制的化学污染物;氨在个别场所中存在非致癌风险,甲苯和二甲苯浓度在个别场所存在超标情况。

Objective To understand the indoor air pollution status of chemical pollutants in hotels,beauty salons,hair salons,shopping malls,and gyms in Zhangqiu district,Jinan city,and to evaluate the health risks to employees.Methods From 2021 to 2023,public places in Zhangqiu district of Jinan city were monitored for health hazards in January and July each year,including 162 hotels,296 hair salons,202 beauty salons,45 shopping malls,and 58 gyms.Sampling and testing were conducted in accordance with GB/T 18204.2-2014“Methods for Health Inspection of Public Places Part 2:Chemical Pollutants”.Evaluation was conducted in accordance with GB 37488-2019“Health Indicators and Limit Requirements for Public Places”to analyze the distribution characteristics of 5 types of chemical pollutants in indoor air of public places from 2021 to 2023,including formaldehyde,ammonia,benzene,toluene,and xylene.Five workers in each public place were selected,and the basic information of the workers was investigated by questionnaire,and the health risk assessment of the inhalation pathway of the workers was carried out by using WS/T 777-2021“Technical Guidelines for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances”.Results The exceeding rates of formaldehyde,benzene,toluene,and xylene in the indoor air of hotels(hotels,hotels)were 11.54%,5.77%,0.85%,and 0.64%,respectively.The exceeding rates of formaldehyde,benzene,and ammonia in hair salons were 7.09%,3.04%,and 6.42%,respectively.The exceeding rates of formaldehyde,benzene,and ammonia in beauty shops were 4.95%,5.44%,and 4.45%,respectively.The exceeding rates of formaldehyde and benzene in shopping malls were 9.09%and 1.82%,respectively.The exceeding rates of formaldehyde and benzene in gyms were 4.31%and 3.45%,respectively.Both formaldehyde and benzene in the indoor air of 5 types of public places had a carcinogenic risk(CR),and the minimum CR for formaldehyde was>1.0×10~(-6),median CR of benzene>1.0×10~(-6),both formaldehyde and benzene had maximum CR values>1.0×10~(-4).Among the 5 types of indoor air in public places,formaldehyde had the highest chronic non carcinogenic risk(HQ)for employees,with a median HQ of>1 and a probability distribution of 61.11%to 97.63%.Followed by benzene,the HQ of the maximum concentration value was>1,with a probability distribution of 3.45%to 40.20%.The lowest non carcinogenic risk was toluene and xylene,with a maximum HQ value of<1,and a HQ value of>1 for the maximum ammonia concentration in the air of hair salons.Conclusion Formaldehyde and benzene should be considered as the primary control chemicals in 5 categories of public places,namely hotels,hotels,hairdressers,beauty salons,shopping malls and gyms in Zhangqiu district,Jinan city.Ammonia is a non-carcinogenic risk at a few sites,and toluene and xylene concentrations are exceeded at a few sites.