“碑证”的生成发展与功能分析——以山东灵岩寺宋金元公文碑为例

The Generative Development and Functional Analysis of“Stele Evidence”——A Case Study of Song,Jin and Yuan Official Document Steles of Lingyan Temple in Shandong

山东灵岩寺宋金元碑刻集中,公据执照、界至文图、王言圣旨、寺院文书等不同类型的碑刻相互串联,彼此互证,展现了较长时段内灵岩寺寺产维护和寺院管理的实况,以及碑刻发展的多元化和刻石功能的多样性。其中因解决纷争而生成的诸种公文碑,渐次构成连环“碑证”,并通过其照证、保全功能,成为维护寺产权益的法宝,亦成为检视中国古代公证制度生成发展的窗口;而体现寺观特权的王言圣旨类“护持”性碑刻,与保全寺产的公据、执照类公文碑相辅相成,在寺观发展和地方治理等方面均发挥着重要作用。

The concentration of Song,Jin and Yuan inscriptions at Lingyan Temple in Shandong intertwines various types of steles,including official licenses,boundary delineations,imperial edicts,and temple documents,reflecting the historical maintenance of temple properties and management practices,as well as the diversification of the development of the steles and the diversity of the functions of the inscriptions.These diverse inscriptions,ranging from resolving disputes to asserting royal authority,gradually form a chain of“stele evidence”.Through their roles in authentication and preservation,inscriptions serve as invaluable legal instruments for safeguarding temple assets,offering a glimpse into the evolution of ancient Chinese notarial systems.Additionally,steles conveying royal edicts,which reflect the privileged status of temples,complement official documents such as licenses and deeds,playing crucial roles in the development of temples and local governance.