新时代我国0~3岁婴幼儿照护政策工具选择的优化路径——基于对166份国家和省级政策文本的分析

The Optimization Path of Selection of Policy Tools for Infant and Toddler Care Aged 0 to 3 in China in the New Era:on the Basis of an Analysis of 166 National and Provincial Policy Texts

为探析国家和省级层面婴幼儿照护政策工具选择与发展关注,构建政策工具和发展要素二维分析框架对2018—2023年7月间颁布的166份国家及省级层面婴幼儿照护政策文件进行文本分析。结果发现:目前我国婴幼儿照护政策存在的主要问题有政策工具使用不均衡,系统变革工具和激励工具使用程度偏低;婴幼儿照护服务被窄化为托育机构服务,政府对机构的监督管理力度较弱;部分发展要素与政策工具匹配失衡,数据利用与创新维度政策工具使用数量偏少;省级层面发展关注重点与国家有所偏差,领导与投资过度依赖国家等。因此,为推动婴幼儿照护服务系统稳定发展,提出如下建议:结合实际需求,优化政策工具组合结构;优化顶层设计,进一步强化有效监管;加强对托育数据利用与创新,推动托育服务智能化发展;构建财权与事权相适应的政府间关系,增加婴幼儿照护财政投入。

In order to explore the selection of policy tools and development concerns for infant and toddler care at the national and provincial levels,a two-dimensional analytical framework of policy tools and developmental elements was constructed to make a textual analysis of 166 infant and toddler care policy documents at the national and provincial levels over the period from 2018 to July,2023.The results show that the main problems in China’s infant and toddler care policy are as follows:the use of policy tools is uneven,the use of systemic change tools and incentive tools is low;the infant and toddler care services have been narrowed down to nursery services;government supervision and management of the institutions is weak;there is an imbalance in the matching of some of the elements of development with policy tools with low use of policy tools in the dimensions of data utilization and innovation;the focus of development at the provincial level is deviated from the national level,with leadership and investment overly dependent on the state.Therefore,in order to promote the stable development of the infant and toddler care service system,it is recommended to optimize the structure of the combination of policy tools in light of the actual needs,optimize the top-level design and further strengthen effective supervision,strengthen the attention to the use and innovation of data in childcare and promote the intelligent development of childcare services,and build an inter-governmental relationship in which the financial power is compatible with the authority and increase the financial investment in infant and toddler care.